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人类的解放是马克思和哈贝马斯共同的理论旨趣。但由于二者对自由的理解存在差异,因而在实现自由、解放的途径方面也各不相同。在马克思看来,只有从根本上变革资本主义生产关系,从而一方面进一步解放生产力,另一方面将人从这一生产关系所造成的利益冲突中解放出来,才能实现人的自由个性。而在哈贝马斯看来,经济与政治只是生活世界得以存在和再生产所必需的职能系统,真正的解放只有在生活世界的相互作用领域通过规范人们的交往行为才能得以实现。
Human liberation is a common theoretical interest of Marx and Habermas. However, due to differences in their understanding of freedom, they also differ in their approaches to freedom and liberation. From Marx’s point of view, only by fundamentally changing the relations of capitalist production so as to liberate the productive forces on the one hand and liberating people from the conflicts of interests created by the relations of production on the other hand can people’s free personality be realized. In Habermas’s view, economy and politics are just the functional systems necessary for the existence and reproduction of the lifeworld. Real emancipation can only be achieved by regulating people’s communicative activities only in the sphere of interaction in the lifeworld.