官僚,按照习惯上的理解,泛指旧中国包括封建各王朝的政府官员、职员.近代以来,由于满清政府、北洋政府和南京政府的政治黑暗与衰败,官僚又成为对政府官员带有贬意的一种称谓.然而,官僚实际上是政治权力的掌握者和操作者,当他们以官僚身份从事公务以外的活动时,或明或暗地将政治权力的作用延伸到这些活动之中,从而产生了更为显著的效应.中国的近代化,就其特定的历史内容而言,其核心是经济近代化,而 According to the traditional understanding, bureaucrats generally refer to the government officials and staff members of the old China, including the feudal dynasties .In the modern period, due to the political darkness and decline of the Manchu, Beiyang and Nanking governments, the bureaucrats became derogatory to government officials However, bureaucrats are in fact the masters and operators of political power who, when engaging in activities other than official duties as bureaucrats, explicitly or implicitly extend the role of political power in these activities, Resulting in a more significant effect.China’s modernization, in terms of its specific historical content, is characterized by economic modernization and