近代中国在西方的冲击下开启现代化历程,洋务运动学习西方的技术,开启近代化,甲午战败证明其未达自强求富目标。戊戌变法是政治变革的尝试,新政立宪则是开启君主集权官僚制的帝国体系向现代民族国家政治体系转型的过程,也是以大清为中心的东亚朝贡体系向现代国际体系转型的过程。转型的动力源泉是西方资本主义世界体系的扩张对清帝国造成剧烈冲击,促进各种变革力量产生。民族主义和立宪成为时代主流思潮,转化为从上至下的政治行动,驻外使节、地方督抚、士绅、新兴商人团体和新式知识分子等政治精英成为推动变革的力量。直隶作为京畿要地和通商口岸,现代化力量成长的较快,力主变革的直督袁世凯等政治精英在直隶推动新政,发展现代工商业,兴办报刊舆论,按司法独立等立宪理念试办审判厅,改革官制以建立现代行政体系,试办地方自治,筹设议会咨议局,开启现代国家建构的闸门。 Modern China opened the course of modernization under the impact of the West. The Westernization Movement learned the Western technology and opened up to modernization. The defeat of Jiawu in the Sino-Japanese War proved that it failed to achieve its goal of self-reliance and seeking prosperity. The Reform Movement of 1898 was an attempt of political reform. The New Deal Constitutionalism is the process of the transition from the imperialist system of monarchy to the political system of the modern nation-state. It is also the process of transforming the tribute system of East Asia centering on Qing Dynasty into the modern international system. The source of power for the transformation is that the expansion of the western capitalist world system has had a severe impact on the Qing Empire and promoted the creation of various forces of change. Nationalism and constitutionalism have become the mainstream force of change in the times, political actions transformed from top to bottom, diplomatic envoys, local governors, gentry, emerging businesspeople groups, and new-type intellectuals. Zhili, as the capital of Gyeonggi Province and the treaty ports of entry, has rapidly developed its modern forces and the political elites such as Yuan Shikai, the chief governors of reform, have tried their best to promote the New Deal, develop modern industry and commerce, set up newspapers and public opinion in Zhili, Reform the system of government in order to establish a modern administrative system, try out local autonomy, set up the Parliamentary Advisory Council and open the gate to the construction of a modern state.