亚行在中国

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  编者按:亚洲开发银行(Asian Development Bank)是一个多边发展金融机构,由61个成员组成,其中43个来自亚太地区,17个来自世界其它地区,致力于在亚太地区减少贫困。中国和亚行是发展中的合作伙伴,亚行在中国的业务战略重点是提高经济效率,加强环境保护和自然资源管理,促进经济增长。为了让中国各地、各开发区和各企业进一步了解亚行、拓展与亚行的投资与经济合作关系,本刊特约记者于8月26日采访了亚洲开发银行驻中国首席代表布鲁斯·莫利先生(Mr.BruceMurray)。莫利先生关于亚行向中国提供贷款、技术援助及投资的情况和计划,特别是关于如何能申请到亚行贷款、投资和技术援助的谈话内容对读者将会有很好的参考价值。下面是这次的采访记要点:
  
  亚行在中国的重点业务
  
  记者:亚行的目标、任务及长期战略目标是什么?亚行未来的重点业务领域集中在哪些方面?
  亚行首代:亚行的目标是使亚太地区摆脱贫困。其任务是帮助发展中国家成员,尤其是那些每天生活在1美元标准以下的9亿贫困人口,减少贫困,改善生活条件和提高生活质量。长期战略目标包括经济的可持续增长,社会全面发展和高效的政策与机构治理。
  亚行在中国的未来的重点业务受中国“十五计划”确定的如下发展重点所指导:减少贫困,尤其是内陆地区的贫困人口;建立市场经济需要的立法,政策,法规和制度框架;加强环境保护和自然资源管理;加快基础设施投资;通过联合融资,资本市场业务以及外商直接投资来引导国内资本并促进国际资本流入中国。
  记者:亚行对中国大陆地区的金融投资是多少?主要集中在哪些项目和领域?
  亚行首代:中国是亚行最主要的成员之一。仅次于日本及美国,为亚行第三大股东。自中国1986年加入亚行以来,截止到2001年底,亚行已在中国完成了88个公共贷款项目,总贷款金额达113亿美元。在同一时期,亚行还为中国提供了368个项目的无偿技术援助,总金额约合2亿美元。自九十年代中期以来,亚行每年向中国提供10~13亿美元左右的总贷款。无偿技术援助相当于每年平均1200-1500万美元。除了其公共部门贷款以外,亚行还直接向中国私营部门提供约三亿美元的贷款和股本投资。
  亚行有许多手段支持亚太发展国家的经济发展。可为政府及有关的公共部门提供贷款及无偿的技术援助,也可直接向私营部门提供贷款、股份投资和部门信用或风险担保。虽然私营部门业务正在逐步发展,公共部门的业务至今仍然是亚行最主要的业务。
  我们认为只有提供良好的基础设施,才能消除贫困,因此亚行在交通和通讯的投资占的比例高达50%。交通的投资主要以公路、铁路项目为主。在山西,四川,云南,陕西等先后投资修建了4500多公里的高速公路、3000多公里的等级公路,太原至西安铁路项目正在进行中,这样可以将中国的西部和东部连接起来。
  能源投资占7%。中国的农村及贫困地区电费比城市电费高。亚行认为应减少农村电费成本,提高城市电费成本方为合理,亚行准备为此项目作努力。
  在环境保护方面,我们在北京、太原、西安的项目有效地减少了空气污染,我们参与了上海苏州河污水处理项目。亚行将提供贷款,处理海河的污水,为治理海河流域做出贡献。我们意识到中国西部地区的土地退化、沙漠化是贫困的主要原因之一,亚行正在积极与中国政府对话,以解决以上问题。
  记者:我们注意到,亚行的战略思路主要集中在三个重点:私营部门的发展、地区合作和环境的可持续发展。请问具体内容包括哪些?亚行如何看待中国民营企业的发展?
  亚行首代:我们已进行了市场调研。40%的企业认为民营企业发展主要来自三个方面的限制:一是缺乏公平、良好的市场竞争机制,这主要反映在过多的政府干预、地方保护主义盛行以及现行的不同税收政策。表现在假冒伪劣产品的盛行,地方保护造成许可证、执照难获得的问题,乱收费现象严重等。二是缺乏足够的基础设施,如公路,电力和水等基础设施。三是缺乏融资渠道,融资艰难。(注:这项调查是清华大学和全国工商联在亚行技术项目支持下进行的,调查对象是温州、北京、沈阳和西安等城市的756家国内民营企业。)
  中国民营企业应引起政府的高度重视。民营企业每年为劳动力创造就业机会高达1100万人。民营企业可大量吸收就业人员,民营企业为国营下岗职工提供了就业机会,民营企业为农村剩余劳动力创造了就业机会。现在中国放松户口限制,这非常有利于农民就业。
  中国人大正在审批中国中小企业法,这对中国民营企业非常有利,第一,有利于民营企业随时获得政府政策信息;第二,有利于民营企业及时获取市场信息,及时抓住商机;第三,有利于民营企业及时获取技术方面的信息,保证技术方面最高效益;第四,有利于民营企业及时获取金融方面的信息,以利于民营企业获得信贷。
  
  如何获取亚行投资
  
  记者:在亚行的商业贷款原则下,你们如何考虑对企业进行贷款的?
  亚行首代:中国民营企业发展得很快,取得了很大的进步,但民营企业还有很长的路要走,亚行的利宝新世界中国企业投资基金是一个海外合作基金,重点为中国的私营企业提供投资,每年投资额底线约为1.5亿美金,基金投资战略为:
  一、投资于那些很有发展潜力,但缺乏资金能力的公司。二、通过增强其财务管理和利用现代市场及管理手段增加公司的价值。三、将成功的投资和企业战略扩大到中国其它地区,受益的民营企业得到发展后可以为社会提供更多的就业机会和商业机会。
  另外据我所知,每年约有45亿外国投资可向中国中小企业提供资金。亚行主要投资基础设施等金额高的大型项目,但有一点,对企业提供的融资主要在制造业。
  记者:中国地方政府部门及私营部门如何申请亚行贷款和技术援助?
  首代:在每一个亚行有业务的亚太发展国家,亚行都将准备一个关于公共部门的贷款和技术援助业务的三年滚动计划,并且每年至少更新一次这个计划。三年滚动计划以亚行的长期战略和国别计划为指导,并努力与有关国家的长期发展战略相吻合。
  财政部是亚行在中国的对口窗口,负责协调亚行在中国的所有业务。若有关部门单位希望申请亚行技术援助和贷款,可通过所在省市的财政厅或局,将其申请报给财政部抄送亚行中国代表处。亚行与财政部和计委享有长期密切的合作关系,经常通过不定期和定期的会议讨论亚行在中国的业务计划。
  对于贷款项目立项,国家计委的批复起着重要作用。一般来说,在亚行开始对项目进行尽职调查之前,申请单位需得到国家计委对项目建议书的批复。一般在项目谈判前,申请单位需要得到国家计委关于项目可行报告的批复。
  关于对私营部门的投资,亚行将承担所有商业风险,就项目规模而言,总投资少于3000万美元的项目不需任何国内审批,大于3000万美元的项目需报国家计委备案和认可。
  记者:亚行今后的一些考虑,是更注重与政府的合作,还是对企业的贷款?
  亚行首代:亚行作为一个多边金融机构,正在从两个主要领域促进民营企业的发展:一是帮助建立有利的法律、法规和政策框架,以公开透明和可靠的方式对民营企业要求做出反应。二是增加和改善资金渠道,如风险资金,民营企业投资基金以及国内资本市场。
  根据亚行的长期战略框架,私营部门发展战略、促进民营企业的发展和私人资本投资是减少贫困的长期战略的一部分。亚行主要对公共部门进行贷款,在协助中国国企改革,协助社保发展,建立健全法律、法规如破产法、公司保护法等,为企业创造良好的环境。
  在过去十五年里,亚行和中国的合作取得了显著的成效。亚行愿意在今后进一步加强同中国政府和各利益相关者合作,为中国的可持续发展做出贡献。
  
  亚行关注中国西部发展
  
  记者:亚行很重视中国西部贫困地区的开发,亚行是否加大对这些地区的投资力度?
  亚行首代:亚行非常支持中国西部开发战略,从四个方面支持边疆地区省、市、自治区的发展。第一,大力加强边疆地区与邻国的合作。如支持云南与老挝、越南、缅甸邻国的贸易,投资了从昆明至泰国公路,不仅资助中国境内公路建设,而且资助老挝境内公路段的修建。我们认为,公路的修建对两国企业间贸易非常重要。亚行资助建成边境海关,以便两国通关的便利。
  第二,亚行积极促进两国政府间的对话,每年有财政部长级的湄公河高层对话,以便促进两国间企业界的发展。在新疆,促进与中亚的合作,虽是初期,但目前已建立起了政府间的对话,中亚国家开始简化通关手续,并起动了交通、能源等项目,但项目的实施需要较长的时间。中国政府方面积极合作,但由于中亚国家资金紧张而放慢了发展的脚步。
  我们目前初步研究了内蒙古自治区与蒙古区域性的合作,今年就控制土地退化和沙尘暴问题展开了工作。三分之一的沙尘暴来自蒙古的戈壁滩。在积极推动区域合作方面,中国政府给予了大力的支持。为了消除贫困,亚行未来将大量投资中西部边境地区的基础设施,如西电、西气东送、西部铁路项目等。
  第三,支持解决新疆、青海、宁夏、山西、甘肃、内蒙古土地退化、荒漠化的项目。我们期待北京2008年奥运会不再出现沙尘暴。
  第四,支持解决人力资源开发的问题,帮助西部不同省、市、自治区的人员观念更新,创造更好的环境。中国的基础教育很好,全国基本普及了小学,但接受高中、职教、大学教育还不够。亚行愿通过远程教育协助西部地区的教育发展。未来几年亚行将在中国教育方面提供中小规模的贷款。
  我本人从未去过西藏、新疆,但我愿意在适当的时候去少数民族地区进行实地的考察。亚行愿为中国西部开发做更多的事情。
  
  亚行看中国经济发展趋势
  
  记者:站在亚行的角度,您怎样看中国经济的发展?
  首代:中国经济在全球经济放缓的情况下保持了强劲的增长势头。在4年扩张的财政政策和恰当的货币政策的刺激下,国内需求恢复,在2001年,国内生产总值实现了7.3%的增长。然而,中国经济的工业和服务业部分的运行并不是十分良好,农业也保持低增长。尽管世界经济的放缓,尤其在2001年下半年对中国的对外贸易有明显的压力,但上升的国内需求和国内投资在很大程度上抵消了对外出口的减少对整个经济的不利影响。经济增长在2001年下半年有所放缓,但到2002上半年有所好转,达到了7.8%的增长。根据目前的预测,2002年全年中国的经济增长将达到7.4%。
  强劲的公共投资和国外直接投资的加速,使得国内总投资增长迅速。国家公务员的涨薪带动了国内消费两位数的增长。尽管全球经济的放缓在2001年下半年引起了对外贸易的大幅下滑并阻碍了1999年开始的出口扩张,强劲的经济增长和WTO的加入使得中国成为国外投资理想的目的地。实际到位和已签订合约的外国投资增长迅猛,在很大程度上抵消了出口放慢对经济的不利影响,而且,在经济发展远远落后于东部和中部的中国西部地区,投资也有很大的增长。
  从1998年开始的扩张的财政政策仍在继续,但从2000年开始财政赤字已经下降,并且在2001年,超过预期的财政收入进一步减少了财政赤字。然而,如果将政府对社保基金的欠款和形成国有商业银行不良贷款的成本算在内的话,财政赤字将远远大于以上所说结果。
  在国内因素的推动下,中国经济将在未来的3年内持续快速增长,而且,中国加入世贸组织和2008奥运会主办权的成功取得将进一步刺激投资和经济增长。各种研究表明,中国经济从加入WTO的长期受益将大约等于1%的国内生产总值,对奥运会基础设施也将进行大量的投资。在强劲的国内消费和投资的推动下,预测2002-2004年中国经济将达到7.4-7.5%的年增长速度,与此同时,通货膨胀率保持在0.5-1.8之间。
  减少贫穷的关键在于建立充分市场化的养老保险系统。社会保障改革对于中国经济由计划经济到市场经济转变非常重要,在发展资本市场、实现人员流动、对社保系统更多的财政支持以及对养老基金的投资导向等方面也需要与之配套。
  活跃的民营资本将进一步促进经济增长和增加就业,民营企业也将在服务业、高科技领域等高增长行业占据主导地位。如果在一个能够保障私有投资者权益的良好环境下,民营经济将能实现更快的增长并且繁荣发展。
  
  Asian Development Bank: Facilitating Development in China
  By lindda Liu Ying
  Editor‘s note: The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a multilateral financial institution composed of 61 members, of which 43 come from the Asia-Pacific region and 17 from other regions of the world. ADB aims to reduce poverty in the Asia-Pacific region. In China, ADB‘s priority is to enhance productivity, strengthen environmental protection, improve administration over natural resources and promote economic development. To allow Chinese people, enterprises and institutions to know ADB better and promote cooperative relations between China and ABD, our reporter Liu Ying interviewed Mr. Bruce Murray, ADB‘s chief representative in China. Excerpts of the interview are as follows:
  
  ADB Priorities in China
  
  Question: What are the objective, task and long-term strategy of ADB? What are the priorities of ADB in the future?
  Answer: ADB‘s objective is to eliminate poverty in the Asia-Pacific region. It is its task to help developing-country members, especially the 900 million people living on less than US$1 a day, shake off poverty, improve living conditions and raise the quality of life. ADB‘s long-term strategic goals include sustainable economic development and all-round social development.
  ADB‘s priorities in China are guided by priorities of the country‘s Tenth Five-year Plan covering 2001-2005. These are as follows: to reduce poverty, especially the number of poverty-stricken people in inland areas; to establish a legal framework for a market economy; to strengthen environmental protection and natural resources administration; to speed up investment in construction and development of infrastructure facilities; and to guide the flow of domestic funds and promote the inflow of international capital.
  
  Q: How much has ADB invested in the Chinese mainland? Where is it concentrated?
  A: China is a principal member of ADB. It is ADB‘s third biggest shareholder, after Japan and the United States. From 1986 when China joined ADB to the end of 2001, ADB completed 88 public loan projects in China involving a combined sum of US$11.3 billion. In the same period, ADB provided US$200 million worth of free technical aid to China for 368 projects. Since the mid-1990s, ADB has provided China with US$1-1.3 billion in loans annually; and free technical aid to China averages US$12-15 million a year. In addition, ADB has directly provided China‘s private sector with about US$300 million worth of loans and equity investments.
  In my view, poverty cannot be eliminated unless there is good infrastructure. That is why ADB‘s investment in transport and telecom accounts for 50% of its total in China. In the transport sector, our money goes mainly to road and rail projects. With ADB investment, more than 4,500 km of freeways and more than 3,000 highways have been constructed in Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Shaanxi. A railway connecting Taiyuan and Xi‘an is under construction with ADB investment.
  ADB investment in energy accounts for 7% of the total. In rural and poverty-stricken areas, prices for electricity are higher than in cities. ADB considers it necessary to reduce the cost for electricity in rural areas and it is ready to work to achieve this goal.
  In the area of environmental protection, our projects in Beijing, Taiyuan and Xi‘an have effectively reduced air pollution there. We have participated in a program to clean up the Suzhou Creek in Shanghai. ADB will also provide loans to treat wastewater flowing into the Haihe River. We have realized that soil erosion and desertification in northwest China are a major cause for poverty there. ADB is engaged in an active dialogue with the Chinese government to find a solution.
  
  Q: We have noticed that ADB places emphasis on three areas: development of the private sector, regional cooperation and sustainable development. What are the specifics? How does ADB look at the development of private businesses in China?
  A: We have conducted market research. Forty percent of private businesses surveyed say their development faces restriction in three aspects: First, lack of a fair competitive mechanism. This is reflected mainly in excess government interference, local protectionism and different taxation policies. Manifestations are a prevalence of counterfeit products, the difficulty of obtaining permits and licenses owing to local protectionism, and unlawful charges. Second, there is a shortage of infrastructure such as highways, power supply and water supply. And third, there is a lack of channels to raise funds.
  In China, private businesses merit great attention from the government. Every year private businesses provide 11 million job opportunities. Private businesses can absorb large numbers of job-seekers; they provide jobs to workers laid off by state-owned enterprises; and they create job opportunities for surplus rural labor. The Chinese government is easing restrictions on urban residence registration, which is conducive to shift of rural laborers to non-farming undertakings.
  The National People‘s Congress is examining a medium-sized and small enterprises law, which, when enacted, will be very favorable to China‘s private businesses. With the law in force, private businesses will have better access to information about government policies, the market, the latest technologies and the capital market. Armed with information, they can better seize business opportunities, enhance the efficiency of their operations by adopting the latest technologies and obtain loans more easily.
  
  How to Apply for ADB Loans
  
  Q: How do you extend loans under ADB‘s commercial loan principles?
  A: Private businesses have developed rapidly in China. But they still have a long way to go. ADB‘s Liberty New World China Enterprises Investments Limited Partnership is an overseas mutual fund, whose priority is to provide funding for private businesses in China. The fund‘s annual maximum loans stand at US$150 million. The fund‘s investment strategies are: First, it invests in businesses that have development potential but face a shortage of fund. Second, it seeks to increase the value of businesses by improving their management, financial management in particular. And third, it helps successful businesses and successful investment strategies to expand to other areas so that more job and market opportunities are created.
  ADB invests mainly in big infrastructure projects. But its loans for businesses are primarily extended to the manufacturing sector.
  
  Q: How do China‘s local governments and private sector apply for ADB loans and technical aid?
  A: The Finance Ministry is ADB‘s window on China. The ministry is responsible for coordinating ADB‘s activities in China. If a department or an organization wants to apply for ADB technical aid and loan, they can do so through the finance departments of the governments of provinces, autonomous regions and centrally administered municipalities where they are based. The finance departments will forward applications to ADB‘s representative office via the Finance Ministry.
  For a loan application to be considered seriously, approval of the State Development Planning Commission is important. Generally speaking, before ADB conducts investigations on a loan project, the applicant should have prior approval from the SDPC.
  For investment in the private sector, ADB shall take all commercial risks. No government approval is needed for projects involving less than US$30 million each. For bigger projects, endorsement from the SDPC is needed.
  
  ADB Supports "Developing West China" Strategy
  
  Q: ADB pays great attention to development in poverty-stricken areas in west China. Will ADB increase its investment there?
  A: ADB strongly supports the "developing west China" strategy. We have provided support in four areas: First, we have strengthened support for cooperation between China‘s frontier regions with foreign countries. For example, we have supported trade between the province of Yunnan with Laos, Vietnam and Myanmar and invested in the construction of a road connecting Kunming with Thailand. We have helped with road construction not only in China but also in Laos. We believe a good road is very important for the two countries in their effort to expand bilateral trade. ADB has also helped build a customhouse to facilitate cross-border trade between the two countries.
  Second, ADB promotes dialogues between the governments of China and neighboring countries. A high-level meeting of Chinese and Laotian officials is held every year to promote trade and economic cooperation between the two countries. In Xinjiang we have promoted cooperation with central Asian countries. Such cooperation is at an initial stage, but dialogues between governments have been established, and central Asian countries have begun simplifying custom clearance procedures and launched transport and energy projects. Project execution is going to take a long time, however. The Chinese government has been very active in this regard, but the central Asian countries have slowed down their pace owing to a shortage of funds. We have also studied the possibility of cooperation between Inner Mongolia and Mongolia. Work has started this year on the control of soil erosion and sandstorms. One third of all sandstorms originate in the Gobi desert in Mongolia. In the promotion of regional cooperation, the Chinese government has given generous support. To eliminate poverty, ADB will invest heavily in infrastructure facilities in west China, including west-to-east energy transmission and railway construction.
  Third, ADB provides support for projects dealing with soil erosion and desertification in Xinjiang, Qinghai, Shanxi, Gansu and Inner Mongolia. We expect no sandstorms to hit Beijing during the Olympic Games in 2008. And fourth, ADB is helping west China with human resources development. China has a well-developed primary education but there is not enough senior middle school, vocational and college education. ADB is willing to help west China develop education through distance education. In the next few years, ADB will provide China‘s education sector with medium-sized and small loans.
  
  How ADB Looks at Economic Growth in China
  
  Q: How does ADB view China‘s economic growth?
  A: The Chinese economy has maintained a strong growth momentum when global economic development has slowed down. In 2001, the country‘s GDP grew by 7.3%. But part of China‘s industries and service sector did not perform too well, and its agriculture grew at a slow pace. Growth of the Chinese economy picked up in the first half of 2002 to reach 7.8%. According to a forecast, GDP growth for the whole of 2002 will reach 7.4%.
  Strong public investment and increased foreign direct investment have led to a sharp increase in total capital spending in China. A salary hike for the civil service has brought about a double-digit growth in consumer spending. A strong economic growth and WTO entry have made China an ideal destination for international investment money. Contractual and actually-used foreign investment have both increased by big margins, and this has to a large extent offset the negative impact of slowing down exports on the economy. In fact, investment has grown markedly in west China, too.
  Propelled by largely domestic factors, the Chinese economy in the next three years will continue to grow at a fast pace. China‘s WTO entry and Beijing‘s win to host the 2008 Olympiad will further stimulate investment and economic growth. A study shows that long-term benefit China will gain from its WTO membership will be equivalent to 1% of its GDP. And there will be huge capital spending on Olympiad-related facilities. It is predicted that during 2002-2004, the Chinese economy will grow at an annual rate of 7.4-7.5%, while inflation is kept at the range of 0.5-1.8%.
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