一、序言20世纪90年代以来,西方社会进化理论,尤其是美国人类学家塞维斯(Elman Service)的“游团-部落-酋邦-国家”四阶段论,逐渐进入我国,为我国文明与国家起源的探讨提供了新的研究思路[1]。不过,我国学者只是引介或者使用理论,对于理论本身鲜有批判和修正。在西方,大多数社会进化论学者延续了20世纪初以来的奉行和谐论的思想传统,抛弃马克思主义的生产关系学说,因 I. Preface Since the 1990s, the theory of Western social evolution, especially the four-stage theory of “tour-tribal-chiefdom-state” of the American anthropologist Elman Service, has gradually entered the country as The discussion of the origins of civilization and country in our country provided a new research idea [1]. However, scholars in our country only refer to or use theories, and they rarely criticize and correct the theories themselves. In the West, most scholars in social evolution continued the intellectual tradition of pursuing harmony since the early 20th century. They abandoned the doctrine of relations of production in Marxism because