历史作为实际是人类社会在时空中的存在形式,而历史作为一门科学则是批判地检验过并从理论上阐明了的人类经验体系。作为“第二现实”,这一体系为社会提供了自我认识和自我控制的唯一可能性。由于历史通过社会实践而不断现实化,根据过去事件的资料作出概括的历史科学,在实际上提供了有助于认识今天和预见未来 History as a reality is a form of existence of human society in space and time, while history as a science is a system of human experience that has been critically tested and theoretically elucidated. As a “second reality,” this system provides society with the only possibility of self-awareness and self-control. As history has become more and more realistic through social practice, a general historical science based on information from past events has in fact provided a useful tool that helps to recognize today and foresee the future