问在化学或原子物理和核物理等学科的论文中,常见在化学元素符上附加各种上标或下标,请问它们各表示什么含义?答众所周知,具有确定质子数和中子数的一类原子或原子核叫做核素;而分子是由原子组成的物质中能够独立存在并保持该物质一切化学特性的最小微粒。在科技论文中,常见的 Q. In the dissertations of chemistry or atomic physics and nuclear physics, it is common to attach a variety of superscripts or subscripts to chemical element symbols. What are the meanings of each of them? Answer It is well-known that with a definite number of protons and neutrons A kind of atom or nucleus is called a nuclide; a molecule is the smallest particle of atoms that can stand alone and retain all the chemical properties of the substance. In scientific papers, common