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摘要 脂肪酶抑制剂通过抑制脂肪酶的活性减少油脂的消化吸收,对肥胖症及其并发症有良好的治疗和预防作用。重点阐述了化学合成、微生物发酵和植物提取3种不同来源的脂肪酶抑制剂的研究现状,并对其后期的研究趋势进行探讨。
关键词 脂肪酶抑制剂;化学合成;微生物发酵;植物提取
中图分类号 Q814.9;TQ925+.6 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611(2017)03-0138-03
Abstract Lipase inhibitors control and reduce the digestion and absorption of fat by inhibiting the activity of lipase, having a good therapeutic effect on obesity as well as its complications. The research status of lipase inhibitor from chemical synthesis, microbial fermentation and plant extraction were elaborated, research trends were discussed.
Key words Lipase inhibitor;Chemical synthesis;Microbial fermentation;Plant extraction
肥胖是導致众多慢性疾病的高危因素,与过早死亡风险的增加密切相关[1]。《中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告(2015年)》显示,我国超重与肥胖人口已达3.25亿,而儿童肥胖率高达8.1%,面对如此重大的公共卫生问题,预防和治疗肥胖症状成为当前研究的热点。体内脂肪积聚过多是导致肥胖的重要原因。目前,肥胖的治疗方法主要包括减少食物摄入、促进能量消耗、降低脂肪细胞分化、调节脂肪代谢以及抑制脂肪酶活性等[2]。现代研究表明,脂肪酶抑制剂可有效降低消化道脂肪酶活性,达到减少脂肪吸收、预防和改善肥胖症状的目的[3],因此其研究与应用受到广泛关注。笔者综述了不同来源脂肪酶抑制剂的研究进展。
1 化学合成来源的脂肪酶抑制剂
化学合成的有机磷化合物对脂肪酶的抑制作用明显,但这类脂肪酶抑制剂主要用来研究脂肪酶的催化反应机理[4]。近年来,由英国Alizyme公司开发合成并于2013年9月在日本上市的新利司他(Cetilistat)是一种新型强效的脂肪酶抑制剂,具有不作用于神经系统、不被血液吸收的优点[5]。
2 微生物发酵来源的脂肪酶抑制剂
微生物种类丰富,代谢产物繁多,是产生脂肪酶抑制剂的重要来源。Umezawa等[6]在1978年从Streptomyces lavendulae MD4-Cl的发酵液中通过抽提、硅胶柱洗脱等步骤获得一种强效胰脂酶抑制剂(Esterastin),其IC50值为0.000 2 μg/mL。Lipstatin(IC50=0.14 μmol/L)是来源于Streptomyces tocytricini的代谢产物[7],其氢化衍生物奥利司他(Orlistat)已被罗氏公司成功开发为減肥药物 Xenical,后者较前者性质更加稳定。Orlistat是目前唯一一类由美国FDA和欧盟批准且可长期(> 3个月)管理控制肥胖患者体重的减肥药物[8],然而其长期服用仍会引起胃肠道反应、肝损害等副作用[9]。随后,罗氏公司从Streptomyces sp.NR 0619 菌株中分离得到其他的胰脂肪酶抑制剂,命名为Panclicin A、B、C、D、E,IC50值分别为2.90、2.60、0.62、0.66、0.89 μmol/L,经结构分析,Panclicin C、D、E为甘氨酸型化合物,而 Panclicin A、B 为丙氨酸型化合物,其脂肪酶抑制活性低于前三者[10]。
Liu等[11]成功地从云南高等真菌中分离获得全新结构的活性物质韧革菌素,并被证实对脂肪酶有强烈的抑制作用(IC50=0.4 μg/mL),目前已申请国际专利。2007年,KIM等[12]研究表明,一些红曲色素衍生物具有脂肪酶抑制活性。近年来,研究证实植物内生菌代谢产物中存在脂肪酶抑制活性物质[13-14]。
目前已报道的脂肪酶抑制剂产生菌主要集中于放线菌或真菌,许多学者强调并尝试从不同种属微生物获取脂肪酶抑制剂[15-17],未来将会有更多微生物源脂肪酶抑制剂被发现报道。
3 植物提取来源的脂肪酶抑制剂
植物也是脂肪酶抑制剂的重要来源。天然植物资源种类丰富,安全系数高,从中筛选有效的抑制剂得到广泛关注。已报道的植物来源脂肪酶抑制剂主要集中于以下几类化合物。
3.1 黄酮类化合物
甘草黄酮是甘草的重要活性成分,从其根部提取得到黄酮类化合物Licochalcone A,对脂肪酶有抑制作用,IC50值为35 μmol/L[18]。Wang等[19]研究发现中药TZQ-F中的荷叶黄酮和山楂叶黄酮对胰脂肪酶有抑制作用,IC50值分别为317.9 和324.0 μmol/L。Tao等[20]分析表明荷叶中的3种黄酮化合物Quercetin-3-O-β-D-arabinopyranosyl-(1D-)-β-D-ga-lactopyranoside、Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide和Kaempferol-3-O-β-D -glucuronide 可有效抑制脂肪酶的活性,其IC50值分别为 66.86、94.89和135.01 μmol/L。 Wan 等[21]借助固定化脂肪酶从黄芩提取物中分离得到3种黄酮类化合物,IC50值分别为(229.22±12.67)、(153.71±9.21)、(56.07±4.90)μmol/L。 3.2 皂苷類化合物
Yoshikawa等[22]研究发现山茶花中的齐墩果酸型皂苷Chakasaponins Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ均对胰脂肪酶具有抑制活性,IC50值分别为0.15、0.17和0.53 mmol/L。Morikawa 等[23]也发现毛瓣无患子中含有的齐墩果烷型皂苷具有脂肪酶抑制性。Kimura 等[24]分析发现日本七叶树中的七叶树皂苷(Escins)及其衍生物去酰基七叶树皂苷(Desacylescins)和去乙酰七叶树皂苷(Deacetylescins)均具有显著的脂肪酶抑制活性。另外,来源于刺加五、桔梗、茶叶、薯蓣的皂苷也具有脂肪酶抑制活性[25-28]。
3.3 萜类化合物
Handa 等[29]从杉树中分离出6种三萜类化合物,均具有较强的脂肪酶抑制活性。Luyen等[30]从杭白菊中分离出的倍半萜化合物10α-hydroxy-1α,4α-endoperoxy-guaia-2-en-12,6α-olide 对脂肪酶有抑制活性,IC50值为161.0 μmol/L。Ninomiya等[31]研究发现鼠尾草中含有5种对脂肪酶有显著抑制作用的化合物,包括4种二萜化合物(Carnosic acid、Carnosol、Royleanonic acid、7-methoxyrosmanol)和1种三萜化合物(Oleanolic acid),IC50值分别为12.0、4.4、35.0、32.0和83.0 μg/mL。此外,在软枣猕猴桃根中分离到的熊果酸等6个三萜类化合物,马薄荷中提取出的单萜化合物香芹酚、巴拉圭冬青叶中分离得到的3个三萜类化合物均具有抑制脂肪酶的效果[32-34]。
3.4 多酚类化合物
植物中提取的富含多酚的成分[35]对脂肪酶有很强的抑制作用。 Eom 等[36]测定了褐藻中分离出的6 种多酚类化合物的脂肪酶抑制活性,发现6 种物质均对脂肪酶有显著的抑制作用,其中Fucofuroeckol A和7-phloro-eckol对脂肪酶的抑制率较高,IC50值分别为(37.2±2.3)和(12.7±1.0)μmol/L。Wu等[37]测定了荔枝花中提取的多酚类化合物的脂肪酶活性的抑制效果,发现当多酚提取物浓度为7.0 mg/mL时,对脂肪酶的抑制率为44.69%。You等[38]测定了麝香葡萄及其葡萄籽对胰脂肪酶活性的抑制效果,其IC50值为8.63 mg/mL。另外,构树、苦丁冬青苦丁茶、乌龙茶、水翁花、燕麦中的多酚类物质对脂肪酶活性也有较强的抑制作用[39-43]。
3.5 生物碱类化合物
荷叶中的生物碱成分可以降脂[44],范婷婷等[45]研究发现荷叶提取物(1 mg/mL)对脂肪酶的抑制率为11.25%,而荷叶碱、N-降荷叶碱、O-降荷叶碱对脂肪酶的抑制率分别为25.77%、 21.37%、24.63%。Birari等[46]发现咖喱叶中含有对胰脂肪酶有抑制作用的生物碱成分,其中Mahanimbin、Koenimbin和Koenigicine的IC50值分别为17.9、168.6和428.6 μmol/L。Wang等[47]在研究治疗糖尿病药物中发现,添加荷叶生物碱和桑叶生物碱成分对脂肪酶的抑制作用明显。
3.6 多糖类化合物
除上述小分子化合物外,多糖类物质对脂肪酶活性也有抑制作用。Huang等[48]测定了决明子水溶性多聚糖提取物对脂肪酶活性的抑制率,发现当多糖提取物的质量浓度为20.00 mg/mL时,Cassia obtusifolia和Cassia tora对脂肪酶的抑制率分别为94.5%和95.3%。Kumar 等[49]利用盐酸和柠檬酸提取苹果渣中的果胶物质,发现脂肪酶抑制率可高达94.30%。
3.7 其他类化合物
早在1984 年 Gargouri 等[50]就从大豆种子中分离得到一种分子量大约在7 万的蛋白,经测定可有效抑制胰脂肪酶的活性。Chanmee 等[51]從黄果茄中分离得到具有脂肪酶抑制活性的甾醇类成分,Kumar等[52]研究了苹果渣提取物对脂肪酶的抑制作用。
4 展望
随着肥胖人群的激增,开发安全有效的减肥药迫在眉睫,其中通过抑制脂肪酶的活性来达到减肥目的成为研究热点,吸引了众多研究者的关注。脂肪酶抑制剂的来源主要包括化学合成、微生物发酵与植物提取。化学合成类脂肪酶抑制剂由于往往存在副作用,因此研究者对天然来源的,即微生物发酵与植物提取的脂肪酶抑制剂研究较多,并且发现很多对脂肪酶有显著抑制作用的成分。然而,植物中的活性成分含量较低,难以大量提取,这是制约植物提取来源脂肪酶抑制剂工业化发展的关键因素。 微生物发酵源脂肪酶抑制剂具有周期短、产量大的优点,这为研究微生物源脂肪酶抑制剂奠定了良好的物质基础。同时,植物与微生物源脂肪酶抑制剂的构效关系与其作用机制尚不完全明晰,可作为今后研究的方向。
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关键词 脂肪酶抑制剂;化学合成;微生物发酵;植物提取
中图分类号 Q814.9;TQ925+.6 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611(2017)03-0138-03
Abstract Lipase inhibitors control and reduce the digestion and absorption of fat by inhibiting the activity of lipase, having a good therapeutic effect on obesity as well as its complications. The research status of lipase inhibitor from chemical synthesis, microbial fermentation and plant extraction were elaborated, research trends were discussed.
Key words Lipase inhibitor;Chemical synthesis;Microbial fermentation;Plant extraction
肥胖是導致众多慢性疾病的高危因素,与过早死亡风险的增加密切相关[1]。《中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告(2015年)》显示,我国超重与肥胖人口已达3.25亿,而儿童肥胖率高达8.1%,面对如此重大的公共卫生问题,预防和治疗肥胖症状成为当前研究的热点。体内脂肪积聚过多是导致肥胖的重要原因。目前,肥胖的治疗方法主要包括减少食物摄入、促进能量消耗、降低脂肪细胞分化、调节脂肪代谢以及抑制脂肪酶活性等[2]。现代研究表明,脂肪酶抑制剂可有效降低消化道脂肪酶活性,达到减少脂肪吸收、预防和改善肥胖症状的目的[3],因此其研究与应用受到广泛关注。笔者综述了不同来源脂肪酶抑制剂的研究进展。
1 化学合成来源的脂肪酶抑制剂
化学合成的有机磷化合物对脂肪酶的抑制作用明显,但这类脂肪酶抑制剂主要用来研究脂肪酶的催化反应机理[4]。近年来,由英国Alizyme公司开发合成并于2013年9月在日本上市的新利司他(Cetilistat)是一种新型强效的脂肪酶抑制剂,具有不作用于神经系统、不被血液吸收的优点[5]。
2 微生物发酵来源的脂肪酶抑制剂
微生物种类丰富,代谢产物繁多,是产生脂肪酶抑制剂的重要来源。Umezawa等[6]在1978年从Streptomyces lavendulae MD4-Cl的发酵液中通过抽提、硅胶柱洗脱等步骤获得一种强效胰脂酶抑制剂(Esterastin),其IC50值为0.000 2 μg/mL。Lipstatin(IC50=0.14 μmol/L)是来源于Streptomyces tocytricini的代谢产物[7],其氢化衍生物奥利司他(Orlistat)已被罗氏公司成功开发为減肥药物 Xenical,后者较前者性质更加稳定。Orlistat是目前唯一一类由美国FDA和欧盟批准且可长期(> 3个月)管理控制肥胖患者体重的减肥药物[8],然而其长期服用仍会引起胃肠道反应、肝损害等副作用[9]。随后,罗氏公司从Streptomyces sp.NR 0619 菌株中分离得到其他的胰脂肪酶抑制剂,命名为Panclicin A、B、C、D、E,IC50值分别为2.90、2.60、0.62、0.66、0.89 μmol/L,经结构分析,Panclicin C、D、E为甘氨酸型化合物,而 Panclicin A、B 为丙氨酸型化合物,其脂肪酶抑制活性低于前三者[10]。
Liu等[11]成功地从云南高等真菌中分离获得全新结构的活性物质韧革菌素,并被证实对脂肪酶有强烈的抑制作用(IC50=0.4 μg/mL),目前已申请国际专利。2007年,KIM等[12]研究表明,一些红曲色素衍生物具有脂肪酶抑制活性。近年来,研究证实植物内生菌代谢产物中存在脂肪酶抑制活性物质[13-14]。
目前已报道的脂肪酶抑制剂产生菌主要集中于放线菌或真菌,许多学者强调并尝试从不同种属微生物获取脂肪酶抑制剂[15-17],未来将会有更多微生物源脂肪酶抑制剂被发现报道。
3 植物提取来源的脂肪酶抑制剂
植物也是脂肪酶抑制剂的重要来源。天然植物资源种类丰富,安全系数高,从中筛选有效的抑制剂得到广泛关注。已报道的植物来源脂肪酶抑制剂主要集中于以下几类化合物。
3.1 黄酮类化合物
甘草黄酮是甘草的重要活性成分,从其根部提取得到黄酮类化合物Licochalcone A,对脂肪酶有抑制作用,IC50值为35 μmol/L[18]。Wang等[19]研究发现中药TZQ-F中的荷叶黄酮和山楂叶黄酮对胰脂肪酶有抑制作用,IC50值分别为317.9 和324.0 μmol/L。Tao等[20]分析表明荷叶中的3种黄酮化合物Quercetin-3-O-β-D-arabinopyranosyl-(1D-)-β-D-ga-lactopyranoside、Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide和Kaempferol-3-O-β-D -glucuronide 可有效抑制脂肪酶的活性,其IC50值分别为 66.86、94.89和135.01 μmol/L。 Wan 等[21]借助固定化脂肪酶从黄芩提取物中分离得到3种黄酮类化合物,IC50值分别为(229.22±12.67)、(153.71±9.21)、(56.07±4.90)μmol/L。 3.2 皂苷類化合物
Yoshikawa等[22]研究发现山茶花中的齐墩果酸型皂苷Chakasaponins Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ均对胰脂肪酶具有抑制活性,IC50值分别为0.15、0.17和0.53 mmol/L。Morikawa 等[23]也发现毛瓣无患子中含有的齐墩果烷型皂苷具有脂肪酶抑制性。Kimura 等[24]分析发现日本七叶树中的七叶树皂苷(Escins)及其衍生物去酰基七叶树皂苷(Desacylescins)和去乙酰七叶树皂苷(Deacetylescins)均具有显著的脂肪酶抑制活性。另外,来源于刺加五、桔梗、茶叶、薯蓣的皂苷也具有脂肪酶抑制活性[25-28]。
3.3 萜类化合物
Handa 等[29]从杉树中分离出6种三萜类化合物,均具有较强的脂肪酶抑制活性。Luyen等[30]从杭白菊中分离出的倍半萜化合物10α-hydroxy-1α,4α-endoperoxy-guaia-2-en-12,6α-olide 对脂肪酶有抑制活性,IC50值为161.0 μmol/L。Ninomiya等[31]研究发现鼠尾草中含有5种对脂肪酶有显著抑制作用的化合物,包括4种二萜化合物(Carnosic acid、Carnosol、Royleanonic acid、7-methoxyrosmanol)和1种三萜化合物(Oleanolic acid),IC50值分别为12.0、4.4、35.0、32.0和83.0 μg/mL。此外,在软枣猕猴桃根中分离到的熊果酸等6个三萜类化合物,马薄荷中提取出的单萜化合物香芹酚、巴拉圭冬青叶中分离得到的3个三萜类化合物均具有抑制脂肪酶的效果[32-34]。
3.4 多酚类化合物
植物中提取的富含多酚的成分[35]对脂肪酶有很强的抑制作用。 Eom 等[36]测定了褐藻中分离出的6 种多酚类化合物的脂肪酶抑制活性,发现6 种物质均对脂肪酶有显著的抑制作用,其中Fucofuroeckol A和7-phloro-eckol对脂肪酶的抑制率较高,IC50值分别为(37.2±2.3)和(12.7±1.0)μmol/L。Wu等[37]测定了荔枝花中提取的多酚类化合物的脂肪酶活性的抑制效果,发现当多酚提取物浓度为7.0 mg/mL时,对脂肪酶的抑制率为44.69%。You等[38]测定了麝香葡萄及其葡萄籽对胰脂肪酶活性的抑制效果,其IC50值为8.63 mg/mL。另外,构树、苦丁冬青苦丁茶、乌龙茶、水翁花、燕麦中的多酚类物质对脂肪酶活性也有较强的抑制作用[39-43]。
3.5 生物碱类化合物
荷叶中的生物碱成分可以降脂[44],范婷婷等[45]研究发现荷叶提取物(1 mg/mL)对脂肪酶的抑制率为11.25%,而荷叶碱、N-降荷叶碱、O-降荷叶碱对脂肪酶的抑制率分别为25.77%、 21.37%、24.63%。Birari等[46]发现咖喱叶中含有对胰脂肪酶有抑制作用的生物碱成分,其中Mahanimbin、Koenimbin和Koenigicine的IC50值分别为17.9、168.6和428.6 μmol/L。Wang等[47]在研究治疗糖尿病药物中发现,添加荷叶生物碱和桑叶生物碱成分对脂肪酶的抑制作用明显。
3.6 多糖类化合物
除上述小分子化合物外,多糖类物质对脂肪酶活性也有抑制作用。Huang等[48]测定了决明子水溶性多聚糖提取物对脂肪酶活性的抑制率,发现当多糖提取物的质量浓度为20.00 mg/mL时,Cassia obtusifolia和Cassia tora对脂肪酶的抑制率分别为94.5%和95.3%。Kumar 等[49]利用盐酸和柠檬酸提取苹果渣中的果胶物质,发现脂肪酶抑制率可高达94.30%。
3.7 其他类化合物
早在1984 年 Gargouri 等[50]就从大豆种子中分离得到一种分子量大约在7 万的蛋白,经测定可有效抑制胰脂肪酶的活性。Chanmee 等[51]從黄果茄中分离得到具有脂肪酶抑制活性的甾醇类成分,Kumar等[52]研究了苹果渣提取物对脂肪酶的抑制作用。
4 展望
随着肥胖人群的激增,开发安全有效的减肥药迫在眉睫,其中通过抑制脂肪酶的活性来达到减肥目的成为研究热点,吸引了众多研究者的关注。脂肪酶抑制剂的来源主要包括化学合成、微生物发酵与植物提取。化学合成类脂肪酶抑制剂由于往往存在副作用,因此研究者对天然来源的,即微生物发酵与植物提取的脂肪酶抑制剂研究较多,并且发现很多对脂肪酶有显著抑制作用的成分。然而,植物中的活性成分含量较低,难以大量提取,这是制约植物提取来源脂肪酶抑制剂工业化发展的关键因素。 微生物发酵源脂肪酶抑制剂具有周期短、产量大的优点,这为研究微生物源脂肪酶抑制剂奠定了良好的物质基础。同时,植物与微生物源脂肪酶抑制剂的构效关系与其作用机制尚不完全明晰,可作为今后研究的方向。
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