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本文着重指出了维柯的历史原则即《新科学》的原则,是“普遍历史”或“世界通史”。“新科学”的意义首先是一种哲学原则。在哲学史上它意味着哲学方向上的原则差别,以及哲学“精神”的差别。在哲学理论上则意味着革命性的变革。维柯的历史原则在德国古典哲学上的重大后果是,逻辑学的革命性改造。其意义需要在康德肇始的哲学变革中去估价。黑格尔的历史功绩在于他完成了由维柯首先提出并加以阐述的近代意义上的“普遍历史”或“世界历史”的概念,使维柯的诗性智慧变为精神环节,改变了历史的观念,重新规范了逻辑的基础,体现出一种深厚的历史感。然而,只有马克思历史唯物主义的创立才消除了上述历史原则虚妄的一面。马克思的历史原则乃是“客观的活动”、“人的感性活动”,是现实历史的逻辑。历史唯物主义首先应当被理解为以历史为原则的唯物主义,而不仅仅是以历史为对象的唯物主义。那种把历史唯物主义看作是唯物主义在历史领域中的“推广”的说法是不能成立的。
This article emphasizes the principle of Vico’s historical principle, “new science”, which is “universal history” or “general history of the world.” The meaning of “new science” is above all a philosophical principle. In the history of philosophy, it means the difference of principles in the direction of philosophy and the “spirit” of philosophy. In philosophy, it means revolutionary change. The major consequence of Vico’s historical principles in German classical philosophy is the revolutionary transformation of logic. Its meaning needs to be evaluated in the philosophical revolution initiated by Kant. Hegel’s historical achievement is that he has completed the concept of “universal history” or “world history” in the modern sense first proposed and elaborated by Vico. He transformed Vico’s poetic wisdom into a spiritual link and changed the history Concept, re-standardize the logic of the foundation, reflecting a deep sense of history. However, only the creation of Marxist historical materialism eliminated the illusory side of the above historical principle. The historical principle of Marxism is “the objective activity” and “the human perceptual activity”, which is the logic of realistic history. Historical materialism should first of all be understood as materialism based on history, not just materialism based on history. The argument that historical materialism is regarded as “promotion” of materialism in the historical field can not be justified.