,Net Outflow of Rural Capital in China: 1978-2012

来源 :中国经济学人(英文版) | 被引量 : 0次 | 上传用户:ZHUTINGFNEG12
下载到本地 , 更方便阅读
声明 : 本文档内容版权归属内容提供方 , 如果您对本文有版权争议 , 可与客服联系进行内容授权或下架
论文部分内容阅读
This paper investigates the mechanism,scale,and development tendencies of capital flow between China’s rural and urban areas over 35 years of reform and opening up.The following conclusions are reached First,between 1978 and 2012,the net capital flow from rural areas to urban areas through the fiscal and financial systems and the price scissors of industrial and agricultural goods amounted to RMB 26.66 trillion (by 2012 price level).Second prior to 1994,the outflow of rural capital continued accelerating,;starting from the late 1990s,the net outflow of rural capital slowed down but the overall scale remained significant.Third the contributions by the three capital flow channels (the fiscal system,financial institutions,and the price scissors of agricultural and industrial products) to the net outflow of rural capital varied greatly across different historical periods:prior to the establishment of the market economic system (1978-1993),most of the rural capital left the countryside in the form of price scissors of agricultural and industrial goods;during the 15 years after the establishment of the market economic system in China (1994-2007),rural capital flowed into cities mainly through the fiscal system;with the market-oriented reform of the rural financial systems in recent years (2008-2012),financial institutions became a major channel for the extraction of rural capital.Based on our study,we believe that in the course of more than three decades of reform and opening up,China was in the stage of extracting rural capital and that the contemporary China should enter into a new stage of development by diverting resources to the countryside to support its development.Our recommendation is that the existingfiscal and financial policies be adjusted to boost fiscal spending on agriculture,farmers,and the countryside,and to establish an inclusive,mod rural financial system.
其他文献
摘要:高层建筑底部空间始终与城市空间发生关系,人们越来越认识到,将高层建筑底部空间"内"、"外"结合,并其纳入到城市空间的网络中,才能适应社会的发展及人们的需要,加强其城市化设计,才能加快与城市环境的融合。  关键词:建设形体设计;多态共生;空间环境;城市空间;协调统一;绿化设置;历史文脉    1引言  高层建筑底部空间的"多态共生"设计方法,主要包括"态"势互补、"态"间支持、多"态"耦合等,
Medical crowdfunding platform helps numerous patients access enthusiastic donors and address financial difficulties, but many crowdfunding projects fail to reac
摘要:赫兹伯格在《建筑学教程:设计原理》中提到"多义性","很多物件和形式几乎都只有一个单一的目的一一通常是科技产品,而它们必然功能简单,它们必须恰如其分地完成自己的工作,不多也不少,但是大多数物件和形式,除了它们被设计所赋予的,并且因此被命名的单一功能外,还具有附加的价值和潜力,因而功效很大。这一较大的功效,我们称之为"多义性"。从字面上讲,"多义"是指多种意义,"多义空间"则是指具有多种功能意
摘要:裂缝是固体材料中的某种不连续现象,在学术上属于材料的强度理论范畴,其扩展程度是材料破损程度的标志,它的存在是材料本身固有的一种物理性质。按照外观特点,混凝土裂缝有微观裂缝和宏观裂缝之分,微观裂缝(简称"微裂")是指宽度小于0.05mm、肉眼不可见的裂缝,宽度大于等于0.05mm的裂缝则称为"宏观裂缝",宏观裂缝是微裂扩展的结果。一般工业与民用建筑中,微裂对使用(防水、防腐、承重)大都不具有危
As iron ore is the fundamental steel production resource, predicting its price is strategically important for risk management at related enterprises and project
With rising costs of capital,labor and energy,cost efficiency and cost management have become important questions confronting the next stage of China’s economi
近年来,生态护坡作为生态建设的一种可持续途径备受关注和重视,相关方面的研究也在日益增加。  本文提出植生带作为盐渍化边坡的护坡方式,选用芦苇、碱茅和高羊茅作为植生带的
摘要:随着高层建筑的功能日趋复杂化和综合化,高层建筑底部空间承担着结构构成中介体,内外部空间使用交流中介体的作用。高层建筑与城市的中介体具有两个特点:过渡性与不确定性,即一方面在连续的时间内它又能反映出与时间变化相对应的渐变形态,另一方面在瞬时状态下它具有空间的双向包容与演化。  关键词:高层建筑;底部空间;中介性;过渡空间;环境生态;视觉感知;心理体验;不确定性     1引言  底部空间是高层
科学家们发现了清晰的迹象,证明水蒸气存在于其他恒星周围的巨型热行星大气中.这些巨大的系外气态行星质量类似于木星,甚至比木星更大(木星的质量大约是地球的317.5倍).其中
摘 要:高校学生欠费是我国高等学校普遍存在的现象,欠费不仅影响到高等学校正常的办学资金的获得,也影响到了学校正常的教学、科研秩序。本文对高校欠费原因进行了分析,并从学校的角度探究解决欠费的具体对策。  关键词:高校学生; 欠费; 国家政策; 诚信教育  中图分类号: G642 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1672-9749(2011)02-0137-02    高校根据国家政策向学生收取学费是学校教