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一本世纪起,世界各国的历史研究都有了巨大的进展。当代历史学家对过去的了解已超过了已往任何时代。但是,历史知识的增长并没有使史学家们称心如意和怀满信心。相反,历史学家自己“对这门学科的怀疑和不满比以往任何时代都更加广泛了”。然而,也正是这种怀疑、不满和迷惘使史学家们去反思自己的研究工作。如果说,19世纪史学对哲学的排斥意味着史学的独立,那么20世纪史学家们从哲学、认识论的角度来反思史学,则意味着史学的自觉。
Since the beginning of this century, great progress has been made in the historical studies of all countries in the world. Contemporary historians have seen more of the past than ever before. However, the growth of historical knowledge did not make historians happy and full of confidence. On the contrary, historians themselves “have become more skeptical and dissatisfied with this subject than ever before.” However, it is also such doubts, dissatisfaction and confusion that historians have to reflect on their own research work. If we say that the exclusion of philosophy in 19th century historiography meant the independence of history, then in the 20th century historians reflect historiography from the perspective of philosophy and epistemology.