战国初期 ,秦不仅在文化上落后于中原各国 ,被人鄙视 ,而且在国家安全上也面临严峻挑战。因李悝变法而强大起来的魏国 ,沿着秦的边界修筑长城 ,从东面包围了秦国 ;楚的势力又向汉中发展 ,并联巴蜀从南面威胁秦国 ;靠近秦国的韩、赵、齐也随时准备乘虚而入。在这样的环境下 ,秦 In the early days of the Warring States Period, Qin not only lagged behind the Central Plains in culture, being despised, but also facing serious challenges in national security. Wei, who became powerful by the change of law, rebuilt the Great Wall along the Qin border and encircled the Qin from the east. The forces of Chu also developed toward Hanzhong and the parallel Bashu threatened the Qin from the south. Qi also ready to take advantage of. In this environment, Qin