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为了解决目前大豆品种的遗传基础狭窄、亟待拓宽的问题,利用540份大豆品种资源,进行种植和重要农艺性状调查,对品种间的遗传相似系数进行分析,通过相关性分析挖掘出影响产量和品质的主要农艺性状。结果表明:大豆品种资源间的遗传相似系数为0.526~13.347,平均相似系数为3.761,品种的平均相似系数大于平均值有211个品种。此结果表明东北大豆品种遗传基础较窄,相似程度较高,大豆品种选育需要拓宽。对大豆8个农艺性状进行简单相关系数分析,单株粒重和单株荚数相关性最大(相关系数为0.758),其次蛋白质含量与单株粒重(0.274)>蛋白质含量与百粒重(0.218)>有效分枝数与单株荚数(0.198)>油分含量和百粒重(0.18)>蛋白质含量与单株荚数(0.142)=百粒重与单株粒重(0.142)>有效分枝数与株高(0.103)>有效分枝数与油分含量(0.1)>有效分枝数与单株粒重(0.083)>单株荚数与株高(0.077),其他性状之间呈负相关。由此可见,东北三省的主要大豆品种单位面积产量主要由单株荚数、百粒重蛋白质含量以及有效分枝数等重要农艺性状所决定。对供试540个品种6个重要性状进行通径分析,通径分析的结果表明:对大豆单位面积产量直接贡献最大的有单株荚数和百粒重2个性状,单株荚数主要通过蛋白质含量和有效分枝数增加而提高,而百粒重的增加,则是通过株高的减少实现的。通径系数大小顺序依次是:单株荚数(0.814)>百粒重(0.367)>油分含量(-0.117)>株高(0.032)>有效分枝数(-0.022)>蛋白质含量(0.008)。根据对照品种表现,对540份大豆品种资源的育种价值进行了评价。产量性状较突出的种质:‘黑农19’、‘龙黑大豆2号’和‘龙品黑09-518’;百粒重较大的种质:‘九农14号’、‘长农15号’、‘岭引2号’和‘嫩良6号’;油分含量较高的种质:‘垦农18’、‘长农17’、‘垦丰6号’、‘九丰10号’和‘垦鉴豆15’;蛋白质含量较高的种质:‘永吉紫花猪眼豆’、‘白秣食豆’、‘小粒秣食豆’、‘绿瓤黑豆’、‘宾县黑豆’和‘吉林27号’。
In order to solve the problem that the genetic basis of soybean varieties is narrow and needs to be broadened urgently, 540 soybean germplasm resources were used to investigate the planting and important agronomic traits. The genetic similarity coefficients between cultivars were analyzed. Correlation analysis was conducted to find out the factors influencing yield and quality The main agronomic traits. The results showed that the genetic similarity coefficient of soybean cultivars was 0.526-13.347, the average similarity coefficient was 3.761, and the average similarity coefficient of cultivars was larger than the average of 211 cultivars. The results show that the genetic basis of Northeast soybean varieties is relatively narrow, high similarity, soybean varieties need to broaden. The simple correlation coefficient analysis of 8 agronomic traits of soybean showed that the correlation between the grain weight per plant and the pods per plant was the highest (correlation coefficient was 0.758), followed by the protein content and grain weight per plant (0.274)> protein content and 100-grain weight 0.218)> effective number of branches and number of pods per plant (0.198)> oil content and 100-grain weight (0.18)> protein content and pods per plant (0.142) = 100- and 0.142> Number of branches and plant height (0.103)> effective number of branches and oil content (0.1)> effective number of branches and grain weight per plant (0.083)> number of pods per plant and plant height (0.077), between other traits Negative correlation. Thus, the yield per unit area of the main soybean varieties in the three northeastern provinces is mainly determined by important agronomic traits such as the number of pods per plant, the protein content per 100 grains, and the number of effective branches. The path analysis of 6 important traits of 540 cultivars was conducted. The results of path analysis showed that there were two pods per plant and two traits per 100 kernels, which had the most direct contribution to the yield per unit area of soybean. The increase of protein content and effective branching increased the increase of 100 kernel weight through the reduction of plant height. The order of path coefficient was as follows: pods per plant (0.814)> grain weight (0.367)> oil content (-0.117)> plant height (0.032)> number of effective branches (-0.022)> protein content . Based on the performance of the control varieties, the breeding value of 540 soybean germplasm resources was evaluated. Outstanding germplasm traits: ’Black farm 19’, ’Long black soybeans 2’ and ’Long product black 09-518’; 100 grain heavier germplasm: ’9 farming’, ’long-term farmers ’Ling’ing No.2’ and ’Nengliang No.6’. The germplasm with higher oil content: ’Kennong 18’, ’Changnong 17’, ’Kenfeng 6’ and ’Jiufeng 10’ ’And’ Kenjian 15 ’; high protein content of the germplasm:’ Yongji purple pig eyeball ’,’ white mound bean ’,’ small grain mung bean ’,’ mulberry black bean ’,’ Binxian black bean ’ And “Jilin No. 27”.