论文部分内容阅读
我们先来看看《剑桥雅思》里给出的一篇高分范文（黑体字为笔者所加）：
It has been suggested that high school students should be involved in unpaid community services as a compulsory part of high school programmes. Most of the colleges are already providing opportunities to give work experience; however， these are not compulsory. In my opinion， sending students to work in community services is a good idea as it can provide them with many sorts of valuable skills.
Life skills are very important and by doing voluntary work， students can learn how to communicate with others and work in a team but also how to manage their time and improve their organisational skills. Nowadays， unfortunately， teenagers do not have many after-school activities. After-school clubs are no longer that popular and students mostly go home and sit in front of the TV， browse the Internet or play video games.
By giving them compulsory work activities with charitable or community organisations， they will be encouraged to do something more creative. Skills gained through compulsory work will not only be an asset on their CV but also increase their employability. Students will also gain more respect towards work and money as they will realise that it is not that easy to earn them and hopefully will learn to spend them in a more practical way.
Healthy life balance and exercise are strongly promoted by the NHS， and therefore any kind of spare time charity work will prevent them from sitting and doing nothing. It could also possibly reduce the crime level in the high school age group. If students have activities to do， they will not be bored and come up with silly ideas which can be dangerous for them or their surroundings.
In conclusion， I think this is a very good idea， and I hope this programme will be put into action for high schools and colleges shortly.
粗略统计，本范文共使用了11个副词。其中有程度副词that、mostly、strongly;关聯副词however、therefore、also;时间副词already、shortly;句子副词unfortunately、hopefully、possibly。
限于篇幅，本文无意对英汉副词的用法差异进行详细阐述，但相关研究表明，英语副词的语法功能较多，汉语副词语法功能相对较少，介于实词和虚词之间。因此，总的来说，英语副词的词类地位高于汉语副词，这导致英语中副词可以灵活地出现在句子的不同位置，使用频率也远高于汉语。英语写作中恰当使用副词，可使文章读起来更接近英语表达习惯，从而有机会在考试中得到更加理想的分数。
以下是老雅总结的十大增分副词，同学们可以在平时写作练习中尝试使用。
1. specifically 具体地说
2. virtually 几乎（= almost/practically）
3. obviously 很明显
4. increasingly 越来越……
5. accordingly 相应地
6. eventually/ultimately终于，最后
7. consequently 结果，因此
8. undoubtedly 毫无疑问
9. largely 在很大程度上 10. partly 部分地
现在，我们来研习几个句子，看这些副词是如何具体使用的。
1. Another point is that cigarettes are becoming increasingly expensive to buy.
另外一点是，香烟变得越来越贵了。（这里，increasingly相当于more and more）
2. In conclusion， once people consider the consequences of their actions and modify their behavior or plan their lives accordingly， there will be much less strain on public healthcare. Ultimately， we will live in a much healthier society in all regards.
总之，一旦人们考虑到他们行为的后果，并改正他们的行为或相应地计划他们的生活，公共医疗的压力就会小得多。最终，我们将生活在一个各方面都会健康得多的社会中。（这里有两个高分副词：accordingly和ultimately）
3. By contrast， watching sport may encourage some other young people to take up sport， as these individuals might like that sport and consequently want to try it to see how it feels.
相比之下，观看体育运动可能会鼓励其他一些年轻人参与体育运动，因为这些人可能会喜欢这项运动，因此想要尝试一下，以了解其感觉。（这里，consequently相当于therefore或者as a result）
4. Undoubtedly， one of the benefits of this is that they are together as a family. Nevertheless， this is not ideal， especially if it leaves no time for other activities， such as sport.
毫无疑问，这样做的一大好处是他們能作为一个家庭在一起。然而，这并不理想，尤其是如果它没有留出时间来进行其他活动，比如体育。（这里有两个高分副词：undoubtedly和especially）
5. In some families， if a teenager decides to become a vegetarian， he may do so partly out of a spirit of rebellion， because this behaviour can be interpreted as a criticism of his parents’ way of life.
在一些家庭中，如果青少年决定成为素食者，他可能部分出于逆反心理，因为这种行为可以解释为对父母生活方式的批评。（这里，partly相当于in part）
6. By contrast， in the US， the poorest spend around 4-5% while the richest spend between 2 and 3%. This suggests that virtually everyone in the USA uses a car sometimes.
相比之下，在美国，最贫穷的人消费4%—5%，最富有的人消费2%到3%。这表明，有时几乎每个美国人都会使用汽车。（这里，virtually相当于nearly、almost）
下面，老雅提供一些练习，请大家从上面列表中选择恰当的副词来完成句子。这些句子均来自雅思真题范文，大家在学习副词的时候，也可以适当研习一下这些句子表达的观点。
1. First， a great many countries have been now undertaking the exploration of new energies in some remote rural areas. Indeed， numerous benefits could be gained. _____， it will enrich our knowledge about the energy exploration. （2014/6/28，我们应该去偏远地区寻找能源吗？）
2. To whom should the money of charity organisations go， exclusively to people who live in the same country as the organisations， or to all people regardless of where they live？ To my mind， the answer to this question depends _____ on the mission of specific charity organisations. （2016/8/20，慈善机构应该帮助别国人民吗？）
3. The entire United States， for example， was paralyzed right after the 9/11 terrorist attack， but it quickly recovered from that paralysis， _____ because American people were inspired by the artistic works which encouraged them to face the reality and moved on. （2018/9/9，政府不应该给艺术家投资吗？） 4. In order to catch up with the Joneses， we often have to make more money by working extra hours which will _____ affect our health. （2018/6/3，生活在大城市不利于身体健康吗？）
5. Besides， as many scientists have speculated， the Earth will _____ die and disappear into the black hole. We therefore need to find other planets suitable for living so that when that day does come， our future grand， grand children will not perish from the Earth. （2018/12/1，应该投资太空技术吗？）
6. While hard skills can be learned through proper training， soft skills are harder to develop. And this _____ explains why soft skills are extremely valuable these days. （2018/11/10，应聘者的社交能力和资历同等重要吗？）
7. To achieve the greatest success in sports， first it requires physical ability. However， strength and fitness being equal， it is _____ the right mental attitude that makes a big difference. （2020/1/5，體育运动中身体和心态哪个更重要？）
8. Owing to its _____ unlimited capacity， the Internet can store all knowledge in the world. This makes it quite unnecessary for us to spend that much money constructing the brick-and-mortar libraries. （2017/3/30，知识存储在网络上是好是坏？）
9. Jewish people today are respected throughout the world _____ because they are still practising the customs and rituals like their forefathers. （2016/9/10，应该保留传统习俗吗？）
10. If a considerable number of jobs are occupied by those who are unwilling to retire when getting old， there will be fewer opportunities left to the young， which may _____ lead to a more competitive employment market. （2018/11/2，老年人应该继续工作吗？）
参考答案
1. Specifically 2. largely 3. largely 4. eventually/ultimately 5. eventually/ultimately 6. partly 7. ultimately 8. virtually 9. partly 10. consequently
[与老雅继续交流，请加微信公众号ieltswriting4u（唐老雅英语写作工作室）]
1唐伟胜，博士生导师，江西师范大学首席教授，英美文学学者。
It has been suggested that high school students should be involved in unpaid community services as a compulsory part of high school programmes. Most of the colleges are already providing opportunities to give work experience; however， these are not compulsory. In my opinion， sending students to work in community services is a good idea as it can provide them with many sorts of valuable skills.
Life skills are very important and by doing voluntary work， students can learn how to communicate with others and work in a team but also how to manage their time and improve their organisational skills. Nowadays， unfortunately， teenagers do not have many after-school activities. After-school clubs are no longer that popular and students mostly go home and sit in front of the TV， browse the Internet or play video games.
By giving them compulsory work activities with charitable or community organisations， they will be encouraged to do something more creative. Skills gained through compulsory work will not only be an asset on their CV but also increase their employability. Students will also gain more respect towards work and money as they will realise that it is not that easy to earn them and hopefully will learn to spend them in a more practical way.
Healthy life balance and exercise are strongly promoted by the NHS， and therefore any kind of spare time charity work will prevent them from sitting and doing nothing. It could also possibly reduce the crime level in the high school age group. If students have activities to do， they will not be bored and come up with silly ideas which can be dangerous for them or their surroundings.
In conclusion， I think this is a very good idea， and I hope this programme will be put into action for high schools and colleges shortly.
粗略统计，本范文共使用了11个副词。其中有程度副词that、mostly、strongly;关聯副词however、therefore、also;时间副词already、shortly;句子副词unfortunately、hopefully、possibly。
限于篇幅，本文无意对英汉副词的用法差异进行详细阐述，但相关研究表明，英语副词的语法功能较多，汉语副词语法功能相对较少，介于实词和虚词之间。因此，总的来说，英语副词的词类地位高于汉语副词，这导致英语中副词可以灵活地出现在句子的不同位置，使用频率也远高于汉语。英语写作中恰当使用副词，可使文章读起来更接近英语表达习惯，从而有机会在考试中得到更加理想的分数。
以下是老雅总结的十大增分副词，同学们可以在平时写作练习中尝试使用。
1. specifically 具体地说
2. virtually 几乎（= almost/practically）
3. obviously 很明显
4. increasingly 越来越……
5. accordingly 相应地
6. eventually/ultimately终于，最后
7. consequently 结果，因此
8. undoubtedly 毫无疑问
9. largely 在很大程度上 10. partly 部分地
现在，我们来研习几个句子，看这些副词是如何具体使用的。
1. Another point is that cigarettes are becoming increasingly expensive to buy.
另外一点是，香烟变得越来越贵了。（这里，increasingly相当于more and more）
2. In conclusion， once people consider the consequences of their actions and modify their behavior or plan their lives accordingly， there will be much less strain on public healthcare. Ultimately， we will live in a much healthier society in all regards.
总之，一旦人们考虑到他们行为的后果，并改正他们的行为或相应地计划他们的生活，公共医疗的压力就会小得多。最终，我们将生活在一个各方面都会健康得多的社会中。（这里有两个高分副词：accordingly和ultimately）
3. By contrast， watching sport may encourage some other young people to take up sport， as these individuals might like that sport and consequently want to try it to see how it feels.
相比之下，观看体育运动可能会鼓励其他一些年轻人参与体育运动，因为这些人可能会喜欢这项运动，因此想要尝试一下，以了解其感觉。（这里，consequently相当于therefore或者as a result）
4. Undoubtedly， one of the benefits of this is that they are together as a family. Nevertheless， this is not ideal， especially if it leaves no time for other activities， such as sport.
毫无疑问，这样做的一大好处是他們能作为一个家庭在一起。然而，这并不理想，尤其是如果它没有留出时间来进行其他活动，比如体育。（这里有两个高分副词：undoubtedly和especially）
5. In some families， if a teenager decides to become a vegetarian， he may do so partly out of a spirit of rebellion， because this behaviour can be interpreted as a criticism of his parents’ way of life.
在一些家庭中，如果青少年决定成为素食者，他可能部分出于逆反心理，因为这种行为可以解释为对父母生活方式的批评。（这里，partly相当于in part）
6. By contrast， in the US， the poorest spend around 4-5% while the richest spend between 2 and 3%. This suggests that virtually everyone in the USA uses a car sometimes.
相比之下，在美国，最贫穷的人消费4%—5%，最富有的人消费2%到3%。这表明，有时几乎每个美国人都会使用汽车。（这里，virtually相当于nearly、almost）
下面，老雅提供一些练习，请大家从上面列表中选择恰当的副词来完成句子。这些句子均来自雅思真题范文，大家在学习副词的时候，也可以适当研习一下这些句子表达的观点。
1. First， a great many countries have been now undertaking the exploration of new energies in some remote rural areas. Indeed， numerous benefits could be gained. _____， it will enrich our knowledge about the energy exploration. （2014/6/28，我们应该去偏远地区寻找能源吗？）
2. To whom should the money of charity organisations go， exclusively to people who live in the same country as the organisations， or to all people regardless of where they live？ To my mind， the answer to this question depends _____ on the mission of specific charity organisations. （2016/8/20，慈善机构应该帮助别国人民吗？）
3. The entire United States， for example， was paralyzed right after the 9/11 terrorist attack， but it quickly recovered from that paralysis， _____ because American people were inspired by the artistic works which encouraged them to face the reality and moved on. （2018/9/9，政府不应该给艺术家投资吗？） 4. In order to catch up with the Joneses， we often have to make more money by working extra hours which will _____ affect our health. （2018/6/3，生活在大城市不利于身体健康吗？）
5. Besides， as many scientists have speculated， the Earth will _____ die and disappear into the black hole. We therefore need to find other planets suitable for living so that when that day does come， our future grand， grand children will not perish from the Earth. （2018/12/1，应该投资太空技术吗？）
6. While hard skills can be learned through proper training， soft skills are harder to develop. And this _____ explains why soft skills are extremely valuable these days. （2018/11/10，应聘者的社交能力和资历同等重要吗？）
7. To achieve the greatest success in sports， first it requires physical ability. However， strength and fitness being equal， it is _____ the right mental attitude that makes a big difference. （2020/1/5，體育运动中身体和心态哪个更重要？）
8. Owing to its _____ unlimited capacity， the Internet can store all knowledge in the world. This makes it quite unnecessary for us to spend that much money constructing the brick-and-mortar libraries. （2017/3/30，知识存储在网络上是好是坏？）
9. Jewish people today are respected throughout the world _____ because they are still practising the customs and rituals like their forefathers. （2016/9/10，应该保留传统习俗吗？）
10. If a considerable number of jobs are occupied by those who are unwilling to retire when getting old， there will be fewer opportunities left to the young， which may _____ lead to a more competitive employment market. （2018/11/2，老年人应该继续工作吗？）
参考答案
1. Specifically 2. largely 3. largely 4. eventually/ultimately 5. eventually/ultimately 6. partly 7. ultimately 8. virtually 9. partly 10. consequently
[与老雅继续交流，请加微信公众号ieltswriting4u（唐老雅英语写作工作室）]
1唐伟胜，博士生导师，江西师范大学首席教授，英美文学学者。