论文部分内容阅读
定语从句是中学英语中的一项重要语法内容,为了学生能较好的掌握它,根据平时的教学和学生们掌握的情况分析,现将自己的教学思路归纳如下,与同仁们探讨。
教学思路:明确概念——分析句子结构,找准先行词,确定关系词——强调注意问题——巩固训练。
一、明确概念
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中作定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。
学生容易理解定语从句的概念,但难以分析从句成分,其原因在于初学英语时对英语句子成分的分析不够重视。因此,学习定语从句时,可以考虑预先复习句子成分分析和句子结构的内容,让他们清楚这两块知识。
(一)句子成分
组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语,谓语,表语,宾语,补语,定语,状语等。
1.主语 主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物,一般由名词,代词等担任。如:He likes cats.
2.谓语 谓语说明主语的动作,状态或特征,由动词或动词词组担任。如:We study English.
3.表语 表语是谓语的一部分,它位于系动词之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态。一般由名词,代词,形容词等充当。如:My sister is a nurse.
4.宾语 宾语表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词之后,能作宾语的有名词,代词,数词等。如:We like English.
注意:有些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语。如:He gave me some ink.
5.补语 补充说明主语或宾语,通常由形容词,名词等充当。如:We make him our monitor.
6.定语 在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语,通常由形容词或与之相当的结构来充当。如:He is a new student.
7.状语 修饰动词,形容词,副词以及全句的成分,叫作状语。用作状语的通常是副词。如:He runs fast.
(二)简单句的五种基本结构
1.主+谓 如:I go.
2.主+系+表如:I am a teacher.
3.主+谓+宾如:I like my new pen.
4.主+谓+间宾+直宾如:My parents bought me a new dictionary.
5.主+谓+宾+宾补如:The teacher asked him to finish the work.
二、分析句子成分,找准先行词,确定关系词
有了上面的知识储备,我们可以举两个例子来找一找先行词,确定关系词。
如:The teacher (who is standing there) is Mr. Wang.
The man is John Bush, (whom they talked about just now).
上面两句中的the teacher和John Bush是定语从句所修饰的词,即是先行词。括号内的就是定语从句。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which, as等。
关系副词有:when, where, why等。
(一)定语从句中关系词的选用
关系词的选用是学生学习定语从句时遇到的一个大难题。现在有了前面的知识,我们可按下面两个步骤进行:
1. 分清句子的主、从句,其中主句成分是完整的,而从句的成分有所缺失。如:
The boy is Jack, ____ is eleven.
我们可知主句是“The boy is Jack”,从句是“____ is eleven”,缺主语。
2. 关系词的选用
关系词连接主句和从句,所以首先找出两者的结合点,即某成分同指的同一人或事物,再弄清楚从句所缺少的成分,即关系词选用的依据。如:
①My brother is here ____ studies in the school.
我们看出从句缺主语且指的是人,而主句有My brother一成分。所以关系词可用that或who。
②I will remember the days ____ we stayed together.
我们分析得出从句缺状语且指的是时间,而主句有the days一成分,而后面的句子属于主语+不及物动词的结构,不能接宾语,所以关系词可用when,且作状语成分。
定语从句的引导词,我们可以简单地归纳一下,希望同学们能够受到启发。
三、几个注意的问题
(一)限制性和非限制性定语从句的区别
定语从句分为限制性和非限制性两种。从形式上看,限制性定语从句与其先行词紧紧相连,两者没有停顿;非限制性定语从句与先行词之间有逗号隔开。从意义上讲,限制性定语从句用来修饰先行词,两者密不可分;而非限制性定语从句仅仅对先行词作补充性叙述或说明,两者关系不那么紧密。由于两种定语从句存在着这些区别,一般来说,限制性定语从句多半译成汉语的前置定语,修饰其后的先行词,非限制性定语从句则往往译成后置的并列从句。
需要说明的是,判断一个句子是什么样的定语从句要根据意义而不是形式。
(二)被分隔的定语从句
从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词;但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分,使它与先行词分隔开来,这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句,在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况,在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。一般说来,定语从句被分割开来大致有以下三种:
1. 在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语。如:
There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.
初看,that引导的定语从句在名词sky的后面,似乎应该是修饰sky的。但天空怎么能象太阳呢?原来that引导的定语从句被in the sky这个地点状语分隔开来,修饰中心词stars。
2. 在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语。如:
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?
when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace实际上是修饰afternoon而不是修饰years。ten years ago 实际上是定语后置修饰afternoon。
3. 先行词与定语从句被分隔开来。此时,先行词通常是句子的主语,因定语从句较长,主句谓语较短,为使句子平衡,常将定语从句移至谓语之后。如:
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
(三)只能用关系代词that的情况
1. 在there be句型中;如:There are some girls that are friends.
2. 先行词有the only, the very, the moment修饰时;如:It is the very pen that I was lost.
3. 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时;如:The nicest car belongs to me that costs $2 million.
4. 先行词既有人,又有物时。如:I love the people and the places that I have known.
5. 先行词为all, anything, something, anything, everything, nothing, none 等不定代词时。如:
Iwill do everything (that) I can to help you.
6. 当特殊疑问句由who,which引导时,为避免重复,常用that 代替who 或which。如:
Who is the man that is standing by the door?
(四)用which而不用that 的情况
1. which 引导非限定性定语从句,that则不能。
2. 在介词提前的定语从句中,用which而不用that。如:
This is the house in which Lu Xun used to live.
3. 先行词为表职业的词时,用which而不用that(也不用 who)。如:
Her sister has become a lawyer, ____ she wanted to be.(D)
A. who B. that C. what D. which
(此题为湖北省2005年普通高考英语试题第29题)
(五)用as, which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别
as 和 which都可以代替主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,有时可以互换。但在下列情况下一般用as。
1. as引导的定语从句可以放在句首,而which则不能。
2. as表示“正如,正像”,而which无此意。此时,as从句常有know, expect, happen, point out, plan,suggest等单词或词组。如:
He came back home late, as we expected. 正如我们所料,他回家晚了。
As is pointed out, this is a grammar problem. 正如所指出的,这是个语法问题。
3. 当先行词被the same, such修饰时,定语从句用as 引导。如:
I bought the same pen as you have.
We will give you such things as you may need.
另外the same…as(指同样或同类的),the same…that(指同一个)。如:
This is the same book as I lost. 这本书和我丢失的那本一样。
This is the same book that I lost. 这就是我丢失的那本书。
(六)whose和of whom, of which引导的定语从句
whose是一个表示所属关系的词,在定语从句中作定语,相当于my, their 等修饰人或物。
of which可以代替whose,词序一般是:名词+of which 或of which+名词。
of whom可以代替whose指人,词序一般是:名词+of whom。
(七)介词+which/whom中介词的确定
1. 与定语从句中的动词构成搭配。如:
The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Wuhan University.
=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Wuhan University.
2. 与定语从句所修饰的先行词构成搭配。如:
He built a telescope, through which the could study the sky.
(八)几种较为复杂的定语从句
1. way后面的定语从句。如果先行词way后面的定语从句缺少宾语或主语,则用that或which;如果定语从句中不缺宾语或主语,则用in which, that或省略引导词。如:
I think the way (that/which) he told me is best.
Please tell me the way that you did the job.
=Please tell me the way you did the job.
=Please tell me the way in which you did the job.
2. as所引导的某些特殊定语从句如:
I will provide you with such things as you may need. 我将提供给你可能需要的东西。
She will marry as healthy a man as she can find. 她将嫁给她能找到的任何一个健康的人。
Such as praise you to your face can’t be trusted. 当面称赞你的人不可靠。
另外下面两句的含义和句式结构不同,要特别注意。
The book is written in such easy English as I can read.
这本书是用我能读的简单的英语写成的。(此句为as引导的定语从句)
The book is written in such easy English that I can read it.
这本书是用如此的简单的英语写成的,我都能读懂它。(此句为that引导的结果状语从句)
3. 先行词为reason,其后的定语从句
如果关系词在从句中作状语,则用why 引导,why可以转换为for which。如果关系词在从句中作主语,宾语或表语,则用that, which 或省略。如:
Can you tell me the reason why he was late?
Can you tell me the reason that he told you?
4. 定语从句中加插入语。关系代词与动词之间有时有一个插入语,有时用逗号断开,有时不用逗号。常用于插入语的动词有believe, think, suppose, guess, say等。解题时应注意将插入语取出,从而使难题化解。如:
This is the man who (I believe) is very honest.
5. 有些先行词不表示具体的地点,但表达一种“地步,境地,形势”,如situation, case, stage, point, degree, occasion(特殊的事件或庆典)等,并且关系词在定语从句中作状语,则用where 或in which 来引导。occasion(时机)用when来引导定语从句。
6. 还需要弄清定语从句与其它结构或从句的区别,例如,强调句型和同位语从句。如:
①——Where did you meet Mr. Smith?
——It is in the street where I live that I met Mr. Smith.
②I was told the news that we have won the match.
例句①为定语从句与强调句的区别;例句②为定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
说明:在某些抽象名词,如fact, hope, desire, thought, suggestion, idea, plan, news, problem, possibility,word(消息), feeling等之后,通常接that引导的同位语从句,对前面的名词进行补充说明,that只起连接作用,在从句中不担当任何成分,通常不可省略。that 在引导定语从句时,起连接作用,且担当一定成分,如果作宾语的话,可以省略。
7. what不能引导定语从句。
8. 定语从句中的主谓一致问题。
关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应和先行词的数保持一致。如:
Old stamps that have not used are usually more expensive than used ones.
在“one of+复数名词+who/that/which”引导的从句结构中,其先行词是靠近它的复数名词,而不是one,因此从句中的谓语动词应用复数形式。但当one之前有the only, the right, the best, the very等修饰时,其先行词是one而不是靠近它的复数名词,因此从句中的谓语动词应用单数形式。如:
This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked.
She was the only one of the girls who was late for the meeting.
当然,在学习定语从句的过程中可能会遇到各种各样的问题,不能一一列举,以后我将不断完善。
四、巩固训练(略)。
诚然,老师的授课方式可能不尽相同,但目的只有一个,那就是让学生听懂,且能灵活运用。如果我所归纳的内容对你有所帮助,我将十分高兴。
教学思路:明确概念——分析句子结构,找准先行词,确定关系词——强调注意问题——巩固训练。
一、明确概念
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中作定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。
学生容易理解定语从句的概念,但难以分析从句成分,其原因在于初学英语时对英语句子成分的分析不够重视。因此,学习定语从句时,可以考虑预先复习句子成分分析和句子结构的内容,让他们清楚这两块知识。
(一)句子成分
组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语,谓语,表语,宾语,补语,定语,状语等。
1.主语 主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物,一般由名词,代词等担任。如:He likes cats.
2.谓语 谓语说明主语的动作,状态或特征,由动词或动词词组担任。如:We study English.
3.表语 表语是谓语的一部分,它位于系动词之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态。一般由名词,代词,形容词等充当。如:My sister is a nurse.
4.宾语 宾语表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词之后,能作宾语的有名词,代词,数词等。如:We like English.
注意:有些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语。如:He gave me some ink.
5.补语 补充说明主语或宾语,通常由形容词,名词等充当。如:We make him our monitor.
6.定语 在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语,通常由形容词或与之相当的结构来充当。如:He is a new student.
7.状语 修饰动词,形容词,副词以及全句的成分,叫作状语。用作状语的通常是副词。如:He runs fast.
(二)简单句的五种基本结构
1.主+谓 如:I go.
2.主+系+表如:I am a teacher.
3.主+谓+宾如:I like my new pen.
4.主+谓+间宾+直宾如:My parents bought me a new dictionary.
5.主+谓+宾+宾补如:The teacher asked him to finish the work.
二、分析句子成分,找准先行词,确定关系词
有了上面的知识储备,我们可以举两个例子来找一找先行词,确定关系词。
如:The teacher (who is standing there) is Mr. Wang.
The man is John Bush, (whom they talked about just now).
上面两句中的the teacher和John Bush是定语从句所修饰的词,即是先行词。括号内的就是定语从句。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which, as等。
关系副词有:when, where, why等。
(一)定语从句中关系词的选用
关系词的选用是学生学习定语从句时遇到的一个大难题。现在有了前面的知识,我们可按下面两个步骤进行:
1. 分清句子的主、从句,其中主句成分是完整的,而从句的成分有所缺失。如:
The boy is Jack, ____ is eleven.
我们可知主句是“The boy is Jack”,从句是“____ is eleven”,缺主语。
2. 关系词的选用
关系词连接主句和从句,所以首先找出两者的结合点,即某成分同指的同一人或事物,再弄清楚从句所缺少的成分,即关系词选用的依据。如:
①My brother is here ____ studies in the school.
我们看出从句缺主语且指的是人,而主句有My brother一成分。所以关系词可用that或who。
②I will remember the days ____ we stayed together.
我们分析得出从句缺状语且指的是时间,而主句有the days一成分,而后面的句子属于主语+不及物动词的结构,不能接宾语,所以关系词可用when,且作状语成分。
定语从句的引导词,我们可以简单地归纳一下,希望同学们能够受到启发。
三、几个注意的问题
(一)限制性和非限制性定语从句的区别
定语从句分为限制性和非限制性两种。从形式上看,限制性定语从句与其先行词紧紧相连,两者没有停顿;非限制性定语从句与先行词之间有逗号隔开。从意义上讲,限制性定语从句用来修饰先行词,两者密不可分;而非限制性定语从句仅仅对先行词作补充性叙述或说明,两者关系不那么紧密。由于两种定语从句存在着这些区别,一般来说,限制性定语从句多半译成汉语的前置定语,修饰其后的先行词,非限制性定语从句则往往译成后置的并列从句。
需要说明的是,判断一个句子是什么样的定语从句要根据意义而不是形式。
(二)被分隔的定语从句
从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词;但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分,使它与先行词分隔开来,这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句,在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况,在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。一般说来,定语从句被分割开来大致有以下三种:
1. 在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语。如:
There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.
初看,that引导的定语从句在名词sky的后面,似乎应该是修饰sky的。但天空怎么能象太阳呢?原来that引导的定语从句被in the sky这个地点状语分隔开来,修饰中心词stars。
2. 在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语。如:
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?
when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace实际上是修饰afternoon而不是修饰years。ten years ago 实际上是定语后置修饰afternoon。
3. 先行词与定语从句被分隔开来。此时,先行词通常是句子的主语,因定语从句较长,主句谓语较短,为使句子平衡,常将定语从句移至谓语之后。如:
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
(三)只能用关系代词that的情况
1. 在there be句型中;如:There are some girls that are friends.
2. 先行词有the only, the very, the moment修饰时;如:It is the very pen that I was lost.
3. 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时;如:The nicest car belongs to me that costs $2 million.
4. 先行词既有人,又有物时。如:I love the people and the places that I have known.
5. 先行词为all, anything, something, anything, everything, nothing, none 等不定代词时。如:
Iwill do everything (that) I can to help you.
6. 当特殊疑问句由who,which引导时,为避免重复,常用that 代替who 或which。如:
Who is the man that is standing by the door?
(四)用which而不用that 的情况
1. which 引导非限定性定语从句,that则不能。
2. 在介词提前的定语从句中,用which而不用that。如:
This is the house in which Lu Xun used to live.
3. 先行词为表职业的词时,用which而不用that(也不用 who)。如:
Her sister has become a lawyer, ____ she wanted to be.(D)
A. who B. that C. what D. which
(此题为湖北省2005年普通高考英语试题第29题)
(五)用as, which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别
as 和 which都可以代替主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,有时可以互换。但在下列情况下一般用as。
1. as引导的定语从句可以放在句首,而which则不能。
2. as表示“正如,正像”,而which无此意。此时,as从句常有know, expect, happen, point out, plan,suggest等单词或词组。如:
He came back home late, as we expected. 正如我们所料,他回家晚了。
As is pointed out, this is a grammar problem. 正如所指出的,这是个语法问题。
3. 当先行词被the same, such修饰时,定语从句用as 引导。如:
I bought the same pen as you have.
We will give you such things as you may need.
另外the same…as(指同样或同类的),the same…that(指同一个)。如:
This is the same book as I lost. 这本书和我丢失的那本一样。
This is the same book that I lost. 这就是我丢失的那本书。
(六)whose和of whom, of which引导的定语从句
whose是一个表示所属关系的词,在定语从句中作定语,相当于my, their 等修饰人或物。
of which可以代替whose,词序一般是:名词+of which 或of which+名词。
of whom可以代替whose指人,词序一般是:名词+of whom。
(七)介词+which/whom中介词的确定
1. 与定语从句中的动词构成搭配。如:
The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Wuhan University.
=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Wuhan University.
2. 与定语从句所修饰的先行词构成搭配。如:
He built a telescope, through which the could study the sky.
(八)几种较为复杂的定语从句
1. way后面的定语从句。如果先行词way后面的定语从句缺少宾语或主语,则用that或which;如果定语从句中不缺宾语或主语,则用in which, that或省略引导词。如:
I think the way (that/which) he told me is best.
Please tell me the way that you did the job.
=Please tell me the way you did the job.
=Please tell me the way in which you did the job.
2. as所引导的某些特殊定语从句如:
I will provide you with such things as you may need. 我将提供给你可能需要的东西。
She will marry as healthy a man as she can find. 她将嫁给她能找到的任何一个健康的人。
Such as praise you to your face can’t be trusted. 当面称赞你的人不可靠。
另外下面两句的含义和句式结构不同,要特别注意。
The book is written in such easy English as I can read.
这本书是用我能读的简单的英语写成的。(此句为as引导的定语从句)
The book is written in such easy English that I can read it.
这本书是用如此的简单的英语写成的,我都能读懂它。(此句为that引导的结果状语从句)
3. 先行词为reason,其后的定语从句
如果关系词在从句中作状语,则用why 引导,why可以转换为for which。如果关系词在从句中作主语,宾语或表语,则用that, which 或省略。如:
Can you tell me the reason why he was late?
Can you tell me the reason that he told you?
4. 定语从句中加插入语。关系代词与动词之间有时有一个插入语,有时用逗号断开,有时不用逗号。常用于插入语的动词有believe, think, suppose, guess, say等。解题时应注意将插入语取出,从而使难题化解。如:
This is the man who (I believe) is very honest.
5. 有些先行词不表示具体的地点,但表达一种“地步,境地,形势”,如situation, case, stage, point, degree, occasion(特殊的事件或庆典)等,并且关系词在定语从句中作状语,则用where 或in which 来引导。occasion(时机)用when来引导定语从句。
6. 还需要弄清定语从句与其它结构或从句的区别,例如,强调句型和同位语从句。如:
①——Where did you meet Mr. Smith?
——It is in the street where I live that I met Mr. Smith.
②I was told the news that we have won the match.
例句①为定语从句与强调句的区别;例句②为定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
说明:在某些抽象名词,如fact, hope, desire, thought, suggestion, idea, plan, news, problem, possibility,word(消息), feeling等之后,通常接that引导的同位语从句,对前面的名词进行补充说明,that只起连接作用,在从句中不担当任何成分,通常不可省略。that 在引导定语从句时,起连接作用,且担当一定成分,如果作宾语的话,可以省略。
7. what不能引导定语从句。
8. 定语从句中的主谓一致问题。
关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应和先行词的数保持一致。如:
Old stamps that have not used are usually more expensive than used ones.
在“one of+复数名词+who/that/which”引导的从句结构中,其先行词是靠近它的复数名词,而不是one,因此从句中的谓语动词应用复数形式。但当one之前有the only, the right, the best, the very等修饰时,其先行词是one而不是靠近它的复数名词,因此从句中的谓语动词应用单数形式。如:
This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked.
She was the only one of the girls who was late for the meeting.
当然,在学习定语从句的过程中可能会遇到各种各样的问题,不能一一列举,以后我将不断完善。
四、巩固训练(略)。
诚然,老师的授课方式可能不尽相同,但目的只有一个,那就是让学生听懂,且能灵活运用。如果我所归纳的内容对你有所帮助,我将十分高兴。