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书案上存放的一摞心仪书籍中,不时取出翻阅次数最多的是清康熙年间张潮撰写的《幽梦影》。此类语录体例和条列形式的即兴写法,恰好迎合了老人们的读书习惯,翻到哪里就读到哪里,可谓信手拈来皆学问。每次阅读后那种带有随意性的惬意之感,油然而生。反复通读后,即使认为它是一部谆谆教人安身立命的教科书,似亦不为过也。全书二百余则箴言妙语,其行文大多采用便于读者记忆的对仗手法,更可谓言人之所未曾言,道人之所未曾道,其厚积而薄发的蕴涵之深,不得不令人为之掩卷沉思而回味无穷。
在林语堂先生的英文版名著《生活的艺术》里,《幽梦影》部分内容曾收录其中。后因《生活的艺术》一书的畅销,《幽梦影》也就被许多海外读者所知。此后,就像他当年慧眼识宝般地推介翻译《浮生六记》那样,多年间又孜孜不倦地推介《幽梦影》,并劳粹心力为它出版了英译本。由此,即令西方世界又一步赏识了中国文化。
鉴于通读后的憬悟,笔者在半年之前撰写了一篇短文,从书中二百一十九条箴言妙句里选录了二十条并道出自己一点粗浅的赏析,以抒心曲,以博共鸣,并承蒙《书屋》杂志在2015年第3期上予以刊载。然而,对此佳作的赏析之意犹未尽,故而再次选录了二十条原文试作浅析,同时引录林语堂精妙绝伦的英译,以飨有此同好的读者。
一、少年人须有老成之识见,老成人须有少年之襟怀。(Young people should have the wisdom of the old, and old people should have the heart of the young.)
诚然。少年人与老年人对世事的见解和态度是有差异的,甚至是大向径庭的。少年人意气风发,勇于进取,乃性格上固有表征,理当坚守发扬;但因涉世未深,阅历浅缺,容易感情用事,处理事物则有可能失之偏颇。然而不同的是,老年人历经了数十载人生之旅的沧海桑田,是非成败,历历在心,处理事物就会稳妥适当;但因暮气作祟,缺少激情,往往会贻误时机而失去正确的判断。由此可见,张潮所推崇的老少之间的取长补短,诚乃良有以也。
二、福贵而劳悴,不若安闲之贫贱;贫贱而骄傲,不若谦恭之宝贵。(Rather lead a poor but leisurely life than be a success and lead a busy one. But better be simple though rich, than be poor proud. )
此则文字所言,即使在如今现实生活中,亦可谓不乏此类现象。放眼望去,在漫漫人海中,难免有一些富有位尊者,整日价为更大财富的积聚和更高地位的谋取而煞费心机,甚至为此牺牲了应有的生活乐趣;显然,这是无法与某些虽贫困位卑却能心安理得的人们相提并论的。反之亦然。有道是,坚守做人的道德底线,不为财役物累,谦恭安闲方能长久安享福贵也。
三、律己宜带秋气,处世宜带春气。(One should discipline oneself in the spirit of autumn and live with others in the spirit of spring.)
常言道,秋天有肃杀之感,春天有和煦之气。这则文字即系用来作为律己严待人宽这句古训的一种比喻性说法,涉及到了一个人自身人格建设的问题。毋庸赘言,律己严则过错寡,否则就会逐步放纵自我,而在无形中影响前程。反之,若待人处世宽厚,不但体现出自身的修养有道,而且来自各方的贴心忠言,犹如温馨的春风源源不断地扑面而来。
四、 有工夫读书,谓之福;有力量济人,谓之福;有学问著述,谓之福;无是非到耳,谓之福;有多闻直谅之友,谓之福。(Blessed are those who have time for reading, money to help others, the learning and ability to write, who are not bothered with gossip and disputes, and who have learned friends frank with advice.)
有关读书劝学的论述,中外古今枚不胜数。明嘉靖年间吴从先《四纪》中的《小窗自纪》有言“读书可以医俗”,可谓别开生面之论。有道是,能将读书陪伴终生,乃福分也。助人是美德,济人是功德,能如此,乃福分也。立德、立功、立言并称三不朽,能著书立说,为文化积累做出一点贡献,乃福分也。世上是是非非,不绝于耳,犹如池中涟漪,绵延不断,所谓“是非成败转头空”,做到这一点,乃福分也。如果身旁交有许多学博识广、耿介守信的挚友,那就是自己心灵上一面镜子,从而能够不断地完善自己的品格与操守,更乃福分也。
五、读书最乐,若读史书则喜少怒多,究之怒处亦乐处也。(Generally, reading is a pleasure. But reading history, more often than not, gripe one with sadness or anger. But even that feeling of sadness or anger is a luxury.)
凡酷爱读书者,其读书之乐,了然心中。但为何读史书喜少怒多?盖因史书记载历代兴废和忠奸之争的史事时,其中不乏忠良横遭诬陷而惨死,奸佞恶贯满盈而当道等类史实。读后,怒从心中起,必然也。但又缘何究后“怒处亦乐处”乎?只因历史早已远去,后人以史为鉴当为大任。由怒转为乐,则表明读了史书后能够明辨是非善恶这样的读书目的实现了,故而张潮给后人留下了这一笔。
六、凡事不宜刻,若读书则不可不刻;凡事不宜贪,若买书则不可不贪;凡事不宜痴,若行善则不可不痴。(A man must not be fastidious about other things, but he must be about reading. He must not be greedy, except in buying books. He should not be a confirmed addict, except in the habit of doing good and helping others.) 这里涉及了人的三个性格,即苛刻、贪婪和痴迷。又涉及了人的三个行为,即读书、买书和行善。然后通过排比对仗而作评述,妙哉!盖凡事都要认真对待,更要把握一个度,过于苛刻就不可取了;而读书则是一个例外,只有苛刻地反复精读,才能领悟书中要义。对于买书,这个“贪”字似另有别解,那就是千万不要错过任何购书良机。至于行善之举,且看大千世界各类案例,作者认为其中非有因痴迷而成癖的因素不可,否则绝不可能持之以恒。
七、不治生产,其后必致累人;专务交游,其后必致累己。(Those who despise money end up by sponging on their friends; those who mix freely with all sorts of people will eventually hurt themselves. )
虽是老生常谈,仍堪为人生立世箴言。人的一生的自然过程,就像希腊神话中狮身人面怪兽斯芬克斯拦路诘问的那样,是一个从四条腿走路到两条腿走路再到三条腿走路的过程。两条腿走路的时期当是人生的黄金时期,在此时期,如不但不努力从事劳动生产,反而一心专注交友玩乐,日后必将拖累自己乃及他人。古之纨绔,今之所谓啃老族,当可为此立照也。
八、官声采于舆论,豪右之口与寒乞之口,俱不得其真。花案定于成心,艳媚之评与寝陋之评,概恐失其真。(An official’s reputation comes from public opinion, but that of his close associates and of beggars of office should be discounted. The reputation of women should come from real knowledge; the views of fans and superficial critics cannot be trusted.)
张潮认为,为官的名声理应出自公众的评价,但因豪强富绅往往与官府暗中勾结,所谓官绅一体,历朝如此;而草根平民往往又因生计而期盼官府开恩,岂敢有所非议得罪;缘于此,二者恐皆不能对官员作出公允的评价。至于桃色事件,则因极其敏感而容易形成成见,且坊间又往往因先入为主而津津乐道;缘于此,故其艳俗之评与丑陋之说,早已失去了原本的面目。由此可见,对世上的人和事的判断,即使公共舆论,也必须缜密以对,方能得到公允的结论。
九、胸藏邱壑,城市不异山林;兴寄烟霞,阎浮有如蓬岛。(In possession of a lively imagination, one can live in the cities and feel like one is in the mountains, and following one’s fancies with the clouds, one can convert the dark continent of the south into fairy isles. )
只要心中藏有山丘壑谷,闹中守静,城市与山林则无异;只要兴致寄托太空云霞,不求功利,阎浮(梵语的音译,泛指尘世)与蓬岛(仙境)则如一。如能做到这一点,则城市与山林,阎浮与仙境,对于人来讲,理应没有太大的区别,关键在于心灵上的超脱。此则文字告诫人们,对于正确的生活信念和心理状态上的坚守至关重要。可以看出,强调内心感悟,否定执著于形式,就是作者的主张。
十、多情者不以生死易心,好饮者不以寒暑改量,喜读书者不以忙闲作辍。(A true lover does not change with the years; a good drinker does not change with the seasons; a lover of books does not stop reading because of business.)
元好问《雁丘》词云:“问世间情为何物,直教生死相许。”雁尚如此,何况人乎?!有道是,情中人一旦情起,一往情深而天长地久。好饮者,独钟杯中物,嗜酒如命,且不为寒暑而收敛。爱读书之人,视读书如一日三餐,须臾不废。当然,如是评说,似可作进一言。所谓多情者,泛指情真意切之人,相互间情愫,不是占有,而是付出。所谓好饮者,理当量力而行,如以酒伤身,并非真正好饮者也。所谓喜读书者,亦非见书就读,而是针对自己所需所求加以优选为己所用。
十一、古今至文,皆血泪所成。(All literary masterpieces of the ancients and moderns were written with blood and tears. )
试看,古往今来的传世名篇,诸如《史记·太史公自序》中列举的《周易》、《春秋》、《离骚》、《国语》、《吕览》,以及《说难》、《孤愤》等等,乃至后续的可与之比肩的中外名著,无一不是著作者倾洒血泪发愤而成。此言可谓切中肯綮,告诫后来者在文字创作中当以何种心态以待之应视为首要问题。
十二、秋虫春鸟,尚能调声弄舌,时吐好音;我辈搦管拈毫,岂可甘作鸦鸣牛喘!(Even autumn insects and spring birds can make melodious songs to please the ear. How can we who write make just noises like the mooing of a cow or the cackling of a crow?)
经与上一则文字对照,应该明白,每当我辈挥笔弄墨之际,将持以何种态度对应。秋虫春鸟,尚能发出美妙的鸣啭,悦耳动听,为世之美景增色;而当我辈泚笔作书时,焉能不写出言之有物、动之以情的美文佳作?! 十三、貌有丑而可观者,有虽不丑而不足观者;文有不通而可爱者,有虽通而极可厌者;此未易与浅人道也。(There are faces that are ugly but interesting, and others that are pretty but dull. There are, too ,books that are not well written, but utterly fascinating, and others that are well written, but extremely dull. This is difficult to explain to superficial critics.)
容貌不扬而可敬,容貌俊美而可憎。举凡人群间有此内的在和外在的交错现象,并不少见。张潮以此作为比方来论及文章优劣,岂不妙哉!足使我们产生了诸多联想。君不见,天下文章,有的虽粗糙稚嫩,但言之有物,发自衷肠,呈现出淳朴赤诚之美;然而另类之作,虽锋笔娴熟,但摆弄词藻,矫揉造作,久而久之必将为世人所弃。
十四、贫而无谄,富而无骄,古人之所贤也;贫而无骄,富而无谄,今人之所少也。足以知世风之降矣。(The ancients praised those who were proud though poor, and not snobbish though rich. Now in modern days it is difficult to find the poor who are not snobbish and the rich who are not haughty.)
首句出自《论语·学而》:“子贡曰:贫而无谄,富而无骄,何如?子曰:可也;未若贫而乐,富而好礼者也。”世间尝云,贫穷则易流于阿谀奉承,富有则易变得趾高气扬,似乎是人间常态。但若达到张潮所言之境界,则如孔子所言贫而乐富而好礼者也。
十五、宁为小人之所骂,毋为君子之所鄙;宁为盲主司之所摈弃,毋为诸名宿之所不知。(I would rather be criticized by the rabble than despised by a gentleman, and rather fail at the imperial examinations than be unknown to great scholars. )
如为小人所骂,则证明自身堂堂正正;若一旦为君子所不齿,则有可能沦入小人之流。以此作为一面镜子,则能审视自己为人的优劣程度。在科举时代,能否中举,被诸学子视为人生仕途的唯一捷径。殊不知,若遇上主考官乃宵小之辈,岂非自毁前程?!但若为耆宿所知并进而看重,则前程无量矣!时至今日,此言亦可为训也。
十六、傲骨不可无,傲心不可有。无傲骨则近于鄙夫,有傲心不得为君子。(A man must have pride in his character (literally “in his bones”), but not in his heart. Not to have pride in character is to be with the common herd, and to have pride in one’s heart does not belong to a gentleman.)
将傲骨、傲心与鄙夫、君子作如此对仗之句,读后不由拍案叫好。有了傲骨,则能保有自己完整的独立人格,否则便形同鄙陋浅薄的懦夫。然而一旦有了傲心,必然妄自尊大,目中无人,则绝无可能成为人们心中的君子。盖谦恭礼让,中和仁义,诚乃我中华美德也。
十七、能读无字之书,方可得惊人妙句;能会难通之解,方可参最上禅机。(One who can read the wordless book of life should be able to write striking lines; one who understands the truth which is difficult to express by words is qualified to grasp the highest Shan wisdom.)
所谓无字之书,乃天地间自然万物之奥秘,如能解读,可谓箴言奇文;所谓难通之解,乃一般人难以通解之经文,如能憬悟,即获上乘禅机。此则文字告诫人们,如不能感悟出社会人生乃至自然万物中所蕴藏的丰富底蕴,不培植丰厚的生活经验和自身学养,则其文字创作必将是苍白无力的。
十八、圣贤者,天地之替身。(A sage speaks for the universe.)
汉代经学大儒董仲舒提出的“天人合一”学说,表征了天是大宇宙,人是小宇宙的内涵。张潮此言的出发点,乃无疑基于此说。进而论之,凡圣贤者,无不以其道德操守为人垂范,而传道授业,著书立说,阐释自然之理与好生之德,更是立天地的宏伟大业,故可视为天地造化的代言。
十九、黑与白交,黑能污白,白不能掩黑;香与臭混,臭能胜香,香不能敌臭。此君子小人相攻之大势也。(Black can besmirch white and a bad odor wipe out a fragrance easily, but not vice versa. This is what happens when a gentleman is confronted by a cad or a sneak.)
尝云,君子不敌小人。盖因小人擅长鬼蜮伎俩,不择手段,而君子往往光明磊落,胸怀坦荡。但这一说法,只是个别现象。从整体上来讲,人们喜白恶黑,取香黜臭,常态也。但君子行道义,得道多助;小人行不义,失道寡助。故从最终结局而言,小人焉能敌过君子?!
二十、耻之一字,所以治君子;痛之一字,所以治小人。(Remind a gentleman of shame and threaten a sneak with pain. It always works.)
隋代著名教育家王通曾云:“痛,莫过于不闻过,辱,莫大于不知耻。”可谓至理名言。朱熹也说过:“人有耻,则能有所不为。”对君子而言,明事理,重礼义,知廉耻,诚乃贯穿一生的做人之本。而小人则大不同,仅仅斥之以羞辱,毫无用处,只有动之以刻骨的皮肉之痛,才有成效。且看,一个“耻”字,一个“痛”字,泾渭分明。
在林语堂先生的英文版名著《生活的艺术》里,《幽梦影》部分内容曾收录其中。后因《生活的艺术》一书的畅销,《幽梦影》也就被许多海外读者所知。此后,就像他当年慧眼识宝般地推介翻译《浮生六记》那样,多年间又孜孜不倦地推介《幽梦影》,并劳粹心力为它出版了英译本。由此,即令西方世界又一步赏识了中国文化。
鉴于通读后的憬悟,笔者在半年之前撰写了一篇短文,从书中二百一十九条箴言妙句里选录了二十条并道出自己一点粗浅的赏析,以抒心曲,以博共鸣,并承蒙《书屋》杂志在2015年第3期上予以刊载。然而,对此佳作的赏析之意犹未尽,故而再次选录了二十条原文试作浅析,同时引录林语堂精妙绝伦的英译,以飨有此同好的读者。
一、少年人须有老成之识见,老成人须有少年之襟怀。(Young people should have the wisdom of the old, and old people should have the heart of the young.)
诚然。少年人与老年人对世事的见解和态度是有差异的,甚至是大向径庭的。少年人意气风发,勇于进取,乃性格上固有表征,理当坚守发扬;但因涉世未深,阅历浅缺,容易感情用事,处理事物则有可能失之偏颇。然而不同的是,老年人历经了数十载人生之旅的沧海桑田,是非成败,历历在心,处理事物就会稳妥适当;但因暮气作祟,缺少激情,往往会贻误时机而失去正确的判断。由此可见,张潮所推崇的老少之间的取长补短,诚乃良有以也。
二、福贵而劳悴,不若安闲之贫贱;贫贱而骄傲,不若谦恭之宝贵。(Rather lead a poor but leisurely life than be a success and lead a busy one. But better be simple though rich, than be poor proud. )
此则文字所言,即使在如今现实生活中,亦可谓不乏此类现象。放眼望去,在漫漫人海中,难免有一些富有位尊者,整日价为更大财富的积聚和更高地位的谋取而煞费心机,甚至为此牺牲了应有的生活乐趣;显然,这是无法与某些虽贫困位卑却能心安理得的人们相提并论的。反之亦然。有道是,坚守做人的道德底线,不为财役物累,谦恭安闲方能长久安享福贵也。
三、律己宜带秋气,处世宜带春气。(One should discipline oneself in the spirit of autumn and live with others in the spirit of spring.)
常言道,秋天有肃杀之感,春天有和煦之气。这则文字即系用来作为律己严待人宽这句古训的一种比喻性说法,涉及到了一个人自身人格建设的问题。毋庸赘言,律己严则过错寡,否则就会逐步放纵自我,而在无形中影响前程。反之,若待人处世宽厚,不但体现出自身的修养有道,而且来自各方的贴心忠言,犹如温馨的春风源源不断地扑面而来。
四、 有工夫读书,谓之福;有力量济人,谓之福;有学问著述,谓之福;无是非到耳,谓之福;有多闻直谅之友,谓之福。(Blessed are those who have time for reading, money to help others, the learning and ability to write, who are not bothered with gossip and disputes, and who have learned friends frank with advice.)
有关读书劝学的论述,中外古今枚不胜数。明嘉靖年间吴从先《四纪》中的《小窗自纪》有言“读书可以医俗”,可谓别开生面之论。有道是,能将读书陪伴终生,乃福分也。助人是美德,济人是功德,能如此,乃福分也。立德、立功、立言并称三不朽,能著书立说,为文化积累做出一点贡献,乃福分也。世上是是非非,不绝于耳,犹如池中涟漪,绵延不断,所谓“是非成败转头空”,做到这一点,乃福分也。如果身旁交有许多学博识广、耿介守信的挚友,那就是自己心灵上一面镜子,从而能够不断地完善自己的品格与操守,更乃福分也。
五、读书最乐,若读史书则喜少怒多,究之怒处亦乐处也。(Generally, reading is a pleasure. But reading history, more often than not, gripe one with sadness or anger. But even that feeling of sadness or anger is a luxury.)
凡酷爱读书者,其读书之乐,了然心中。但为何读史书喜少怒多?盖因史书记载历代兴废和忠奸之争的史事时,其中不乏忠良横遭诬陷而惨死,奸佞恶贯满盈而当道等类史实。读后,怒从心中起,必然也。但又缘何究后“怒处亦乐处”乎?只因历史早已远去,后人以史为鉴当为大任。由怒转为乐,则表明读了史书后能够明辨是非善恶这样的读书目的实现了,故而张潮给后人留下了这一笔。
六、凡事不宜刻,若读书则不可不刻;凡事不宜贪,若买书则不可不贪;凡事不宜痴,若行善则不可不痴。(A man must not be fastidious about other things, but he must be about reading. He must not be greedy, except in buying books. He should not be a confirmed addict, except in the habit of doing good and helping others.) 这里涉及了人的三个性格,即苛刻、贪婪和痴迷。又涉及了人的三个行为,即读书、买书和行善。然后通过排比对仗而作评述,妙哉!盖凡事都要认真对待,更要把握一个度,过于苛刻就不可取了;而读书则是一个例外,只有苛刻地反复精读,才能领悟书中要义。对于买书,这个“贪”字似另有别解,那就是千万不要错过任何购书良机。至于行善之举,且看大千世界各类案例,作者认为其中非有因痴迷而成癖的因素不可,否则绝不可能持之以恒。
七、不治生产,其后必致累人;专务交游,其后必致累己。(Those who despise money end up by sponging on their friends; those who mix freely with all sorts of people will eventually hurt themselves. )
虽是老生常谈,仍堪为人生立世箴言。人的一生的自然过程,就像希腊神话中狮身人面怪兽斯芬克斯拦路诘问的那样,是一个从四条腿走路到两条腿走路再到三条腿走路的过程。两条腿走路的时期当是人生的黄金时期,在此时期,如不但不努力从事劳动生产,反而一心专注交友玩乐,日后必将拖累自己乃及他人。古之纨绔,今之所谓啃老族,当可为此立照也。
八、官声采于舆论,豪右之口与寒乞之口,俱不得其真。花案定于成心,艳媚之评与寝陋之评,概恐失其真。(An official’s reputation comes from public opinion, but that of his close associates and of beggars of office should be discounted. The reputation of women should come from real knowledge; the views of fans and superficial critics cannot be trusted.)
张潮认为,为官的名声理应出自公众的评价,但因豪强富绅往往与官府暗中勾结,所谓官绅一体,历朝如此;而草根平民往往又因生计而期盼官府开恩,岂敢有所非议得罪;缘于此,二者恐皆不能对官员作出公允的评价。至于桃色事件,则因极其敏感而容易形成成见,且坊间又往往因先入为主而津津乐道;缘于此,故其艳俗之评与丑陋之说,早已失去了原本的面目。由此可见,对世上的人和事的判断,即使公共舆论,也必须缜密以对,方能得到公允的结论。
九、胸藏邱壑,城市不异山林;兴寄烟霞,阎浮有如蓬岛。(In possession of a lively imagination, one can live in the cities and feel like one is in the mountains, and following one’s fancies with the clouds, one can convert the dark continent of the south into fairy isles. )
只要心中藏有山丘壑谷,闹中守静,城市与山林则无异;只要兴致寄托太空云霞,不求功利,阎浮(梵语的音译,泛指尘世)与蓬岛(仙境)则如一。如能做到这一点,则城市与山林,阎浮与仙境,对于人来讲,理应没有太大的区别,关键在于心灵上的超脱。此则文字告诫人们,对于正确的生活信念和心理状态上的坚守至关重要。可以看出,强调内心感悟,否定执著于形式,就是作者的主张。
十、多情者不以生死易心,好饮者不以寒暑改量,喜读书者不以忙闲作辍。(A true lover does not change with the years; a good drinker does not change with the seasons; a lover of books does not stop reading because of business.)
元好问《雁丘》词云:“问世间情为何物,直教生死相许。”雁尚如此,何况人乎?!有道是,情中人一旦情起,一往情深而天长地久。好饮者,独钟杯中物,嗜酒如命,且不为寒暑而收敛。爱读书之人,视读书如一日三餐,须臾不废。当然,如是评说,似可作进一言。所谓多情者,泛指情真意切之人,相互间情愫,不是占有,而是付出。所谓好饮者,理当量力而行,如以酒伤身,并非真正好饮者也。所谓喜读书者,亦非见书就读,而是针对自己所需所求加以优选为己所用。
十一、古今至文,皆血泪所成。(All literary masterpieces of the ancients and moderns were written with blood and tears. )
试看,古往今来的传世名篇,诸如《史记·太史公自序》中列举的《周易》、《春秋》、《离骚》、《国语》、《吕览》,以及《说难》、《孤愤》等等,乃至后续的可与之比肩的中外名著,无一不是著作者倾洒血泪发愤而成。此言可谓切中肯綮,告诫后来者在文字创作中当以何种心态以待之应视为首要问题。
十二、秋虫春鸟,尚能调声弄舌,时吐好音;我辈搦管拈毫,岂可甘作鸦鸣牛喘!(Even autumn insects and spring birds can make melodious songs to please the ear. How can we who write make just noises like the mooing of a cow or the cackling of a crow?)
经与上一则文字对照,应该明白,每当我辈挥笔弄墨之际,将持以何种态度对应。秋虫春鸟,尚能发出美妙的鸣啭,悦耳动听,为世之美景增色;而当我辈泚笔作书时,焉能不写出言之有物、动之以情的美文佳作?! 十三、貌有丑而可观者,有虽不丑而不足观者;文有不通而可爱者,有虽通而极可厌者;此未易与浅人道也。(There are faces that are ugly but interesting, and others that are pretty but dull. There are, too ,books that are not well written, but utterly fascinating, and others that are well written, but extremely dull. This is difficult to explain to superficial critics.)
容貌不扬而可敬,容貌俊美而可憎。举凡人群间有此内的在和外在的交错现象,并不少见。张潮以此作为比方来论及文章优劣,岂不妙哉!足使我们产生了诸多联想。君不见,天下文章,有的虽粗糙稚嫩,但言之有物,发自衷肠,呈现出淳朴赤诚之美;然而另类之作,虽锋笔娴熟,但摆弄词藻,矫揉造作,久而久之必将为世人所弃。
十四、贫而无谄,富而无骄,古人之所贤也;贫而无骄,富而无谄,今人之所少也。足以知世风之降矣。(The ancients praised those who were proud though poor, and not snobbish though rich. Now in modern days it is difficult to find the poor who are not snobbish and the rich who are not haughty.)
首句出自《论语·学而》:“子贡曰:贫而无谄,富而无骄,何如?子曰:可也;未若贫而乐,富而好礼者也。”世间尝云,贫穷则易流于阿谀奉承,富有则易变得趾高气扬,似乎是人间常态。但若达到张潮所言之境界,则如孔子所言贫而乐富而好礼者也。
十五、宁为小人之所骂,毋为君子之所鄙;宁为盲主司之所摈弃,毋为诸名宿之所不知。(I would rather be criticized by the rabble than despised by a gentleman, and rather fail at the imperial examinations than be unknown to great scholars. )
如为小人所骂,则证明自身堂堂正正;若一旦为君子所不齿,则有可能沦入小人之流。以此作为一面镜子,则能审视自己为人的优劣程度。在科举时代,能否中举,被诸学子视为人生仕途的唯一捷径。殊不知,若遇上主考官乃宵小之辈,岂非自毁前程?!但若为耆宿所知并进而看重,则前程无量矣!时至今日,此言亦可为训也。
十六、傲骨不可无,傲心不可有。无傲骨则近于鄙夫,有傲心不得为君子。(A man must have pride in his character (literally “in his bones”), but not in his heart. Not to have pride in character is to be with the common herd, and to have pride in one’s heart does not belong to a gentleman.)
将傲骨、傲心与鄙夫、君子作如此对仗之句,读后不由拍案叫好。有了傲骨,则能保有自己完整的独立人格,否则便形同鄙陋浅薄的懦夫。然而一旦有了傲心,必然妄自尊大,目中无人,则绝无可能成为人们心中的君子。盖谦恭礼让,中和仁义,诚乃我中华美德也。
十七、能读无字之书,方可得惊人妙句;能会难通之解,方可参最上禅机。(One who can read the wordless book of life should be able to write striking lines; one who understands the truth which is difficult to express by words is qualified to grasp the highest Shan wisdom.)
所谓无字之书,乃天地间自然万物之奥秘,如能解读,可谓箴言奇文;所谓难通之解,乃一般人难以通解之经文,如能憬悟,即获上乘禅机。此则文字告诫人们,如不能感悟出社会人生乃至自然万物中所蕴藏的丰富底蕴,不培植丰厚的生活经验和自身学养,则其文字创作必将是苍白无力的。
十八、圣贤者,天地之替身。(A sage speaks for the universe.)
汉代经学大儒董仲舒提出的“天人合一”学说,表征了天是大宇宙,人是小宇宙的内涵。张潮此言的出发点,乃无疑基于此说。进而论之,凡圣贤者,无不以其道德操守为人垂范,而传道授业,著书立说,阐释自然之理与好生之德,更是立天地的宏伟大业,故可视为天地造化的代言。
十九、黑与白交,黑能污白,白不能掩黑;香与臭混,臭能胜香,香不能敌臭。此君子小人相攻之大势也。(Black can besmirch white and a bad odor wipe out a fragrance easily, but not vice versa. This is what happens when a gentleman is confronted by a cad or a sneak.)
尝云,君子不敌小人。盖因小人擅长鬼蜮伎俩,不择手段,而君子往往光明磊落,胸怀坦荡。但这一说法,只是个别现象。从整体上来讲,人们喜白恶黑,取香黜臭,常态也。但君子行道义,得道多助;小人行不义,失道寡助。故从最终结局而言,小人焉能敌过君子?!
二十、耻之一字,所以治君子;痛之一字,所以治小人。(Remind a gentleman of shame and threaten a sneak with pain. It always works.)
隋代著名教育家王通曾云:“痛,莫过于不闻过,辱,莫大于不知耻。”可谓至理名言。朱熹也说过:“人有耻,则能有所不为。”对君子而言,明事理,重礼义,知廉耻,诚乃贯穿一生的做人之本。而小人则大不同,仅仅斥之以羞辱,毫无用处,只有动之以刻骨的皮肉之痛,才有成效。且看,一个“耻”字,一个“痛”字,泾渭分明。