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“五道将军”是唐五代时期民间信仰中广为流傅的冥界神明。六朝隋唐志怪小说、明清通俗小说每有提及,甚至民间也有五道庙的存在,颞示五道将军在中国民间信仰兴民间文学中有值得深入探索的意涵。本文主要结合历代佛教经典、文学文献、敦煌文献及石刻、壁书、绢书等中的图像,尝试作一系统论述。分别从佛教经典中的五道大神、敦煌写本中的五道大神及壁画、绢书等图像中所见的五道大神论述其形象的发展。以为:佛教掌管五道轮回的冥司为一人,中国分掌五路的神明为五人,五道大神具武夫形象,所以后来又称为“五道将军”。唐宋时期地藏兴十王信仰流行,因此又合五道将军兴转轮王为一而称为“五道转输王”。唐宋十王画中,唯十殿五道转轮王作武将形象,其馀九殿各王均作文官或帝王装扮。
“Five Generals ” is the god of the underworld widely circulated Fu folk belief in the Tang and Five Dynasties. In the Six Dynasties, novels of Sui and Tang dynasties, Ming and Qing dynasties, novels, novels, even five folk temples exist. This article mainly combines the ancient Buddhist classics, literary literature, Dunhuang literature and stone carvings, wall books, silk books and other images, try to make a systematic exposition. The development of its image is illustrated respectively from the five great gods in the Buddhist scriptures, the five great gods in Dunhuang manuscripts, and the five great gods seen in images such as murals and silk book. Thought: Buddhism in charge of five reincarnation of the Ming Division as a person, the Chinese sub-five-way gods for the five people, Wu Dawei Wuwu image, so later also known as “five generals.” During the Tang and Song dynasties, Tibetan Buddhism ten popular tendencies of belief, so combined with five generals to turn round the king of the king and called “five transfer to the king.” Ten paintings in the Tang and Song dynasties, the only ten dynasty five wheel Wang Zuowu image, the other nine dynasties were made for civil service or imperial dress.