论文部分内容阅读
摘 要：扫读是一种重要的英语阅读策略，通常指快速浏览文章，从而获取细节信息，通常是一个概念、一个单词或者句子含义等，适用于解答细节题，是一种定位法。学生应先看懂题意，找出题干中有助于定位的中心词，再根据中心词到文章里找相关信息。文章对英语阅读中扫读的运用策略进行探讨，从而提升学生阅读水平。
关键词：英语教学;阅读;扫读;定位法
中图分类号：G633.41 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1008-3561（2020）24-0090-02
扫读是提高阅读水平的有效途径，其不同于略读或跳读，是指寻找文章中的特定信息、特定词组甚至特殊符号，一眼要看好几行文字，抓住所读文章的系统和脉络，锁定方向，寻找目标。在扫读过程中，学生可以忽略与题目要求不相关的信息，撇掉无关全文大局的生词、难词及长句障碍。下面，本文结合教学实践简要说明扫读的实际运用方法。
一、从篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾处查找信息
一篇文章的重点往往会落在段首句、段尾句、过渡句或文末。普遍结构基本上就是落笔点题，点明文章的中心，开门见山，总领全段甚至全文，所以段首句尤其重要。中间过渡句有承上启下的作用，对上文做出总结，对下文进行铺垫。而最后一句通常就是总结全文，点明文章主旨，让人回味无穷。下面以七上M4U2第二段为例，论述如何从段首快速找出信息。Eat the right food and be healthy. Carrots，eggs and sweet potatoes are good for your eyes. Milk，cheese and fish are good for your teeth. A bit tired？ Have lots of delicious chicken soup！Question：How can we stay healthy according to this paragraph？Answer：Eat the right food and be healthy.閱读这段文字时，学生可以从段首快速锁定信息，发现后面的内容全是围绕这句话展开的。
二、从并列、列举、步骤处查找信息
因为并列词的使用，分句关系紧密联系但又层次分明，文章思路更加清晰条理。抓住这些词的逻辑性，便能掌握全文的整体框架。下面，以七上M7U1几个表示顺序步骤的单词为例，探讨如何查找信息。Ling ling：How do I write my homework on the computer？Can I learn？Betty：Sure！First， open a new document. Click the mouse on “new document”.Next，your write your homework in the new document. Use the keyboard. Lingling：What do I then？How do I save the document？Betty：You click “save” and write a name for it. Lingling：OK. Finally，how do I print my document？Betty：Click “print” and “OK”. Question：How do we write homework on the computer？Answer：First...next...then...finally...从并列或承接性的词中找答案，可以快速找出关键词，使阅读思路清晰。
三、从疑问词提示查找信息
在阅读教学中，教师应换位思考，转变思路，使学生知道在做阅读理解题的时候需要关注哪些重点，如对what、who、where、why、how等开头的疑问句的关注。下面，以七上M2U2为例， 论述如何从疑问词中查找信息。These are my parents. We are American. My name is Betty King. My father is an actor， and my mother is the manager of a theatre. Question 1：Who’s the girl？Question 2：Where is she from？Question 3：What is her father？Question 4：Where does her mother work？对于上述4个问题的答案，学生可以从与疑问词相关的句子中找到信息。
四、从指代关系处查找细节信息
很多教师认为对指代关系的理解并没有那么困难，因此习惯上课时运用文章的指代关系向学生频频提问。但事实上学生对指代关系理解并不到位，一般需要教师提醒后方能正确识别。所以，教师在平时扫读时应再三强调常见的人称代词，如he、she、it、they、him、her、them等，以及常见的指示代词，如this、that、these、those等。下面，以七上M2U2为例， 论述如何从指代关系处查找细节信息。My name is Wang Lingling. I’m Chinese. My mother is a nurse. She and Daming’s mother are at the same hospital. My father is a bus driver in Beijing. Question：Who does she refer to？A.Wang Lingling;B.Wang Lingling’s mother;C.Daming’s mother。学生可以通过上下文找出she指代的是Wang Lingling’s mother。
五、从因果关系处查找信息 阅读前掌握并积累一定量的表达因果关系句子的重要性不言而喻。因果关系的表达形式是多种多样的，如从属连词、并列连词、as从句、since从句、介词for、不定式、非谓语动词等均可表示因果关系。下面，以七上M4U1为例，论述如何从因果关系处查找信息。We haven’t got any oranges，so let’s get some. Question：What fruit do they want to buy？Answer：They want to buy some oranges.学生只要找到表因果关系的so，就能轻松找到桔子没有了的信息，就可以推断答案是买桔子。
六、从标点符号或特殊符号提示查找信息
做英语习题时，学生往往将注意力都放在内容的解读上，往往忽视了标点符号。而标点符号起着至关重要的作用，学生应细细品味作者想要表达的真实含义。下面，以七上M4U2为例，论述如何在标点符号或特殊符号的提示下查找信息。We should remember it is important to remember：eat well，stay healthy，and don’t get fat！●It’s a good idea to eat noodles or rice，not hamburgers. ●Having a good breakfast is good for your health every morning. ●Don’t forget to drink juice，water，tea and milk，not cola. ●Remember to eat lots of fruit and vegetables. Question：How many ways to stay healthy are mentioned？Answer：There are four ways to follow. 4个特殊符号●能帮助学生快速找到答案。
七、从对比、比较、转折处查找细节信息
很多英语文章使用对比和比较的修辞手段，以加强文章的效果。使用对比、比较、转折，可使文章中的论点更明确、更清楚，给读者更为深刻的印象，使论证更加有力。下面，以七下M11U2为例，探讨如何从对比、比较、转折处查找细节信息。How close do you stand when you talk to a friend？You can stand close to people in the Middle East but don’t stand too close to North Americans！ Give them more personal space. Question：Which of the following is true？A.You should stand close to North Americans. B.You should give more personal space to people in the Middle East. C.You shouldn’t stand too close to North Americans.学生从文中but转折句可知答案为C。
八、从表时间或空间方位词中获取信息
英语写作惯用的time line线索，都是来源于课文的模仿，从人物生平记实，到旅游游玩文章的描述，采用最多的就是时间的顺序和空间的变换。下面，以七下M11U2为例，探討如何从表时间或空间方位词中获取信息。Hi，Grandma！Here I am in Paris. Jenny and I arrived by plane the day before yesterday. In the evening we had dinner in a French restaurant. The food was delicious！This morning we took a walk. There are shops and restaurants everywhere，and I love the street markets. They sell such good fruit and vegetables. We also did some shopping. At about three o’clock，we took the Paris underground to the Eiffel Tower. It’s really high.
关键词：英语教学;阅读;扫读;定位法
中图分类号：G633.41 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1008-3561（2020）24-0090-02
扫读是提高阅读水平的有效途径，其不同于略读或跳读，是指寻找文章中的特定信息、特定词组甚至特殊符号，一眼要看好几行文字，抓住所读文章的系统和脉络，锁定方向，寻找目标。在扫读过程中，学生可以忽略与题目要求不相关的信息，撇掉无关全文大局的生词、难词及长句障碍。下面，本文结合教学实践简要说明扫读的实际运用方法。
一、从篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾处查找信息
一篇文章的重点往往会落在段首句、段尾句、过渡句或文末。普遍结构基本上就是落笔点题，点明文章的中心，开门见山，总领全段甚至全文，所以段首句尤其重要。中间过渡句有承上启下的作用，对上文做出总结，对下文进行铺垫。而最后一句通常就是总结全文，点明文章主旨，让人回味无穷。下面以七上M4U2第二段为例，论述如何从段首快速找出信息。Eat the right food and be healthy. Carrots，eggs and sweet potatoes are good for your eyes. Milk，cheese and fish are good for your teeth. A bit tired？ Have lots of delicious chicken soup！Question：How can we stay healthy according to this paragraph？Answer：Eat the right food and be healthy.閱读这段文字时，学生可以从段首快速锁定信息，发现后面的内容全是围绕这句话展开的。
二、从并列、列举、步骤处查找信息
因为并列词的使用，分句关系紧密联系但又层次分明，文章思路更加清晰条理。抓住这些词的逻辑性，便能掌握全文的整体框架。下面，以七上M7U1几个表示顺序步骤的单词为例，探讨如何查找信息。Ling ling：How do I write my homework on the computer？Can I learn？Betty：Sure！First， open a new document. Click the mouse on “new document”.Next，your write your homework in the new document. Use the keyboard. Lingling：What do I then？How do I save the document？Betty：You click “save” and write a name for it. Lingling：OK. Finally，how do I print my document？Betty：Click “print” and “OK”. Question：How do we write homework on the computer？Answer：First...next...then...finally...从并列或承接性的词中找答案，可以快速找出关键词，使阅读思路清晰。
三、从疑问词提示查找信息
在阅读教学中，教师应换位思考，转变思路，使学生知道在做阅读理解题的时候需要关注哪些重点，如对what、who、where、why、how等开头的疑问句的关注。下面，以七上M2U2为例， 论述如何从疑问词中查找信息。These are my parents. We are American. My name is Betty King. My father is an actor， and my mother is the manager of a theatre. Question 1：Who’s the girl？Question 2：Where is she from？Question 3：What is her father？Question 4：Where does her mother work？对于上述4个问题的答案，学生可以从与疑问词相关的句子中找到信息。
四、从指代关系处查找细节信息
很多教师认为对指代关系的理解并没有那么困难，因此习惯上课时运用文章的指代关系向学生频频提问。但事实上学生对指代关系理解并不到位，一般需要教师提醒后方能正确识别。所以，教师在平时扫读时应再三强调常见的人称代词，如he、she、it、they、him、her、them等，以及常见的指示代词，如this、that、these、those等。下面，以七上M2U2为例， 论述如何从指代关系处查找细节信息。My name is Wang Lingling. I’m Chinese. My mother is a nurse. She and Daming’s mother are at the same hospital. My father is a bus driver in Beijing. Question：Who does she refer to？A.Wang Lingling;B.Wang Lingling’s mother;C.Daming’s mother。学生可以通过上下文找出she指代的是Wang Lingling’s mother。
五、从因果关系处查找信息 阅读前掌握并积累一定量的表达因果关系句子的重要性不言而喻。因果关系的表达形式是多种多样的，如从属连词、并列连词、as从句、since从句、介词for、不定式、非谓语动词等均可表示因果关系。下面，以七上M4U1为例，论述如何从因果关系处查找信息。We haven’t got any oranges，so let’s get some. Question：What fruit do they want to buy？Answer：They want to buy some oranges.学生只要找到表因果关系的so，就能轻松找到桔子没有了的信息，就可以推断答案是买桔子。
六、从标点符号或特殊符号提示查找信息
做英语习题时，学生往往将注意力都放在内容的解读上，往往忽视了标点符号。而标点符号起着至关重要的作用，学生应细细品味作者想要表达的真实含义。下面，以七上M4U2为例，论述如何在标点符号或特殊符号的提示下查找信息。We should remember it is important to remember：eat well，stay healthy，and don’t get fat！●It’s a good idea to eat noodles or rice，not hamburgers. ●Having a good breakfast is good for your health every morning. ●Don’t forget to drink juice，water，tea and milk，not cola. ●Remember to eat lots of fruit and vegetables. Question：How many ways to stay healthy are mentioned？Answer：There are four ways to follow. 4个特殊符号●能帮助学生快速找到答案。
七、从对比、比较、转折处查找细节信息
很多英语文章使用对比和比较的修辞手段，以加强文章的效果。使用对比、比较、转折，可使文章中的论点更明确、更清楚，给读者更为深刻的印象，使论证更加有力。下面，以七下M11U2为例，探讨如何从对比、比较、转折处查找细节信息。How close do you stand when you talk to a friend？You can stand close to people in the Middle East but don’t stand too close to North Americans！ Give them more personal space. Question：Which of the following is true？A.You should stand close to North Americans. B.You should give more personal space to people in the Middle East. C.You shouldn’t stand too close to North Americans.学生从文中but转折句可知答案为C。
八、从表时间或空间方位词中获取信息
英语写作惯用的time line线索，都是来源于课文的模仿，从人物生平记实，到旅游游玩文章的描述，采用最多的就是时间的顺序和空间的变换。下面，以七下M11U2为例，探討如何从表时间或空间方位词中获取信息。Hi，Grandma！Here I am in Paris. Jenny and I arrived by plane the day before yesterday. In the evening we had dinner in a French restaurant. The food was delicious！This morning we took a walk. There are shops and restaurants everywhere，and I love the street markets. They sell such good fruit and vegetables. We also did some shopping. At about three o’clock，we took the Paris underground to the Eiffel Tower. It’s really high.