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摘要:運用比较分析法与文献资料法,论述了柔道、跆拳道在适应现代体育的发展过程中进行文化改革和文化传播获得成功的因素,指出中国武术散打在恢复发展过程中严重脱离了中国武术文化的衣钵,提出具有鲜明的中国传统文化符号特征,是武术散打国际化与传播的关键;保持中国武术的文化特点、民族特性是中国武术散打发展的基本要求。
关键词:武术 柔道跆拳道文化比较
【中图分类号】G80【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1009-9646(2009)06-0083-05
1.Introduction
The world political situations have changed remarkably during the middle and the late period of the 20th century.It is well-known to all that globalization which has been formed because of the speedy economic growth is a branded new concept.When it comes to the 21st century,the characteristics of globalization has been all the more obvious.And globalization now is becoming a trend that can not be stopped.The trends of globalization not only touch upon political and economic fields,but also cause many new problems in the development of the culture of the world,especially exert great impact upon the cultures of some their own countries and peoples.People have different views as for globalization,but along with the development and realization of globalization,people share many concerns that matter in the course of globalization.Sports culture,an integral part of Chinese culture,has become the center of study,especially Wushu,which is considered as national traditional sports culture.With the speedy development of Chinese economy,Chinese traditional sports especially athletics sports has improved greatly.However,there is a hidden danger behind this development,that is to say,Chinese sports is gradually losing its own cultural quintessence while it craves for the identity in the form of Western sports.When it comes to martial arts,we mean that the present martial arts are in the direction of athletics so that it can adapt itself to the trend of western sports.People study Wushu just from the standpoint of its functions.Even when people study it from a culture perspective they just do it from an interpretation and analysis.However,we should develop and promote Wushu from its culture and national characteristics.Here I would like to talk about the characteristics of Wushu and its national character of the inheritance and development of Judo,Taekwondo.Through analysis and comparison we will try to find out the deficiencies of Chinese martial arts.The successful introduction and development of Judo and Taekwondo in the involvement of the Olympic Games indicate that the modern Olympic Games embody the differences between the East and the West.The cultural development has provided a lot of valuable things for Chinese Wushu known worldwide.By way of the cultural study in terms of Wushu,Judo and Taekwondo we have new understanding of Chinese martial arts in the international cultural development,meanwhile it has provided chance of spreading Chinese martial arts in the world.
2.The Comparison of Chinese Martial Arts and Judo and Taekwondo from the Standpoint of Sports Culture
Chinese Wushu,also known as gongfu (also spelt as kungfu) or martial arts,a valuable cultural heritage of the Chinese nation,is a traditional Chinese sport with a unique national characteristic.It enjoys a long history and a large number of practitioners.Based on movements employed in fighting,such as kicking,striking,throwing,catching,repelling,and stabbing,Wushu is practiced in various types of set exercise,either barehanded or slow,hard or soft,the practitioners wrestle with each other and try to outwit each other,which help them to build their physique,heighten their will,cultivate themselves and preserve their lives.
Chinese Wushu is long in history,rich in content and varied in form.Today Wushu generally falls into 5 categories:barehanded exercises,exercises with weapons,dual combats,group performances,and combat using offensive and defensive skills.
Wushu has become widely popular among the common people.As a result,there appeared quite a few martial artists with unique skills such as Yue Nǚ,Yuan Gong,Lu Shigong,etc.To promote the exchanges of wushu,extraordinary martial artists came from all parts of the country for a competition twice a year,once in spring and once in autumn.Hand-to-hand combat and swordplay became the most popular events of competition.Wushu at this time did not just meet people’s needs for survival.It gradually became part of people’s everyday life or cultural enjoyment.With the development of history,Wushu began to become an important component of human culture.
Sports culture is mainly manifested in the form of physical activity and contains generous spirit of national culture.In the process of cultural development,it has become a visible and explicit cultural symbol.The Chinese nation has a long history of civilization.In the process of evolution Chinese people have created brilliant culture.Traditional sports have become stronger and stronger during this period.China’s unique way of thinking、theoretical form、values、the spirits and language style all have made great contribution to the growth of Chinese sports culture.As a cultural heritage,traditional sports have a profound cultural background and meantime play a leading role in the history of Chinese civilization,among which Wushu is the most representative.Based on this unique culture when we conduct a study we should divide this sports culture into spirit culture,behavior culture and material culture.It can be seen from the chart below:
2.1 The Comparison of Spirits Culture.
2.1.1 The Comparison of Morality.Japanese Judo attaches more importance to mind exercise.It associates mind and technique with body and aims to cultivate people’s identity and character.Through the training,it aims to develop the spirits of loyalty and reward,awareness of humiliation and praise of violence.Moreover,on the basis of body building,it also instills the element of mind-training.More important it places importance on the manners,behavior and the morality of teachers.It seeks the unity of struggle and peace in the process of competition.
Taekwondo has absorbed the thoughts of Chinese Confucian ethics education and manifested itself in the form of etiquette.It praises the spirits of etiquette from the beginning to the end,kindness and modesty,the spirits of perseverance and selfimprovement.It requires the doers to perform not on appearance,but from the bottom of their hearts.After a longterm practice and competition,such etiquette is made to root in their DNA.
Chinese Wushu,one item which presents Chinese traditional culture quintessence,can be called “the moral fist”.From the ways of attack and defense,we can see that it forms with doctrine of the mean and the inaction.And Taijiquan pays attention to the sacrifice and the motionlessness and flexibility.Taijiquan embodies the moral character not only in oral or written form,but in the concrete skill which adopts the principles of kindness either.
2.1.2 Comparison between the aesthetic ideas.
In the practice of judo,we’re required to have the sense of correct etiquette,selfcontrol,honesty and obedience.In the “free and disordered” onetoone wrestling,though it is fierce,we still should perfectly selfdiscipline to achieve the “Tao” degree,which means we should “make good use of our energy and benefit ourselves and others”.In such way we’ll get along with each other harmoniously and achieve peaceful coexistence between countries.
In the Taekwondo practice,the orientation is “the sense of etiquette,the sense of honor and shame as well as the spirit of perseverance ”.It aims to foster us the spirit of bravery,decisiveness and patience,through which we can build up the character of stickatitiveness and active personality and form the virtue of benevolence and modesty.So the character of patriotism and dedication are built up as well.As an integrated culture ideology,“Taiji” treats the concept “Integration of nature and man” as the core of cultural character.Chinese Wushu follows the idea of benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdom and fidelity,which is the essence of Chinese traditional culture and embodies the unity not only between man and man also man and nature.However,on one hand,Wushu Sanda externally shows the western civilization—full of heroics、stunt and excitement;on the other hand,it internally has a shortage of oriental civilization character.Just as the saying goes,only what is national belongs to the world,every nation has its own culture and it couldn’t live or develop without its own culture.But as a part of the national culture,the traditional physical culture,and traditional sports would decline and even disappear if they are controlled by the western physical culture ideas.Not to say to develop and strengthen it.
2.2 Comparisons of the material culture.
2.2.1 Comparison between the fields.
Taekwondo competition field is 12㎡.It is a horizontal and flat square.There should be a spongy cushion on the field.If necessary,the filed should be 50 to 60 cm higher than the floor.The angle between the support equipment and the floor should be less than 30°.The 8㎡ square in the center is the competition section.
The competition area in judo consists of vinylcovered foam mats,or tatami,two meters long,a meter wide and joined together to from a 14-meter square with three specific areas.The inner area,the green contest area,is a sixmeter square.It is bounded by a onemeter red area,or danger zone,which alerts judo competitors that they are nearly out of bounds.The outside zone,the safety zone,is three meters wide.This area is out of bounds.Two pieces of tape,one blue and one white,appear in the middle of the contest area.Four meters apart,they mark where the competitors or judoka stand to begin and end each bout.
The competition field of Sanda is an arena.It is a wood stage which is 60cm high,800cm wide and 800cm long.The stage is covered with a flexible mat,which is also covered by a canvas sheet.There is a Taiji map in the center of the stage,whose diameter is 100cm.The edge is 5cm wide marked with a red line.The 10cm wide yellow warning line is about 90cm away from the edge on the four sides.The ground all around the stage lays supplementary mats,which are about 20～40cm high and 200cm wide.
2.2.2 Comparison between the national costume.
The property of Japanese judo clothing shows its nation identity of Judo sport.The athletes are bare handed and bare footed,A Dan belt is tied on the waist,which makes the distinction very visible.Meanwhile the use of the multicolor costume makes the competition more appreciative and fairer.
Taekwondo costume shows the vivid Korea national character.The pattern and color of the costume reflect the Korean tradition that white is their favorite color.It is added with the white,red and black belt to distinguish different ranks and intensify the spectators’ visual feeling.
Wushu Sanda athletes wear pants and sports giblet,which not only breaks away from the innate Chinese traditional character apparently,but also goes far beyond the traditional Chinese Wushu spirit ruthlessly.
2.2.3 The comparison between the assembly halls.
The Japanese judo’s “preaching hall” is not only its research center,but also one of spreading ways.Through the Judo association in the world,Japan brings forward the idea that “popularizing the judo preaching hall to further the friendship and communication between the Judo experts.Through the development of the research method,Judo is put forward in the world.” More than 170 countries have taken part in the international Judo association.
The Korean Taekwondo is spread through the “Taekwondo hall”.The Taekwondo halls around the world become the largest spreading network,which makes it convenient for the people in the world to learn and practise Taekwondo.The National Taekwondo College in South Korea is considered as the Taekwondo teaching and theoretical research center of the whole world.There are more than 160 countries and districts which become the members of the world Taekwondo association.About 70 million people are taking part in the sport.
2.3 The comparison between the action systems.
2.3.1 The comparison between the score standards.
2.3.1.1 It shows the different evaluation ideas and methods.
The evaluation of Wuahu Sanda takes on the following characteristics:① the traditional “arena” idea ②the idea to get score “delicately” ③ emphasis the difficulty of the action.The Taekwondo shows its brief,exact and energetic character.It emphases on the controlling character.
2.3.1.2 Comparison between different evaluation ideas and methods.
The great communicative and melting trend of the 21st century makes the national physical game more international and appreciative.The standard of the Taekwondo competition has no concept of the movements and position,so it is easy to popularize,control and judge.The athlete who correctly and powerfully strikes the opponents certain part will score.It especially meets the western sports thought because it is objective and easily evaluated.It encourages the athletes to strike and kick boldly in the competition field and let the energy exploded totally in a moment,which caters for the audiences’ requirement of excitement and fierceness.
The evaluating standard in the Wushu Sanda competition is that one who is beaten off the “arena” twice will lose the game.It inherits the traditional standard of “Da Leitai”.“Leitai”,which means a stage,is the symbol of a qualified warrior.One who is out of the stage means losing the games.No matter how fierce or passive the competition is,no competitor can easily give up.The competitor’s spirit and will in the competition are highly praised.This competition encourages using special skills to get scores.It emphasizes to get score by “skill”.That is to encourage the competitors to use suitable skill to win the game.It shows the integrated strategy of our nation and our national characteristic.For instance,according to the “rules of 2004 Wushu Sanda”,amended by Chinese Wushu administration.Wushu Sanda pays more attention to the difficult motivation.This caters for the modern sports requirement.It is a perfect combination of strength,speed,skill and energy.It is much more exciting,fierce and amazing.
2.3.2 The comparison of the action limitations and punishment standards between Sanda and Taekwondo.
2.3.2.1 The action limitation and punishment standard is similar in the mass.They both attach the importance to the building of sport morality and sport spirit.They also lay stress on the safety of the player.Both pay attention to the good development of the skill and advocate an exciting,fierce and normal competition.Both reflect high sport principle.
2.3.2.2 The Difference of behavior limitation and penalized rules between Wushu Sanda and Taekwondo.
①The penalized rules in Wushu Sanda are that if one side is exhorted or warned,the other scores;Taekwondo is that the participant who is warned or scores cut will be subtracted scores.②The penalized rules in Wushu Sanda are more inclined to the nature and category of foul,conducting exhortation or warning;Taekwondo mainly makes warning or scorescutting according to the degree of foul.③Wushu Sanda stresses more the negative penalty in contest;Taekwondo mainly focuses on the nonstandardized technical penalty,reflecting the different respective ideas of art of attack and defense,technical spirits and distinct evaluating point of view and approach.
2.3.3 Comparison of ranks obtained.
Judo wins the honorific title of ‘ Traditional Japanese Athletics’ in Japan.Judo rank system was established in1884.Rank promotion system contains five grades,ten Dans was made to push people to practise Judo,which was also regarded as the symbol of learning and judging the degree of cultivating one’s mind.Taekwondo is called ‘traditional Korean athletics’ in Korea,the promotion of ranks do not ask only for the ability of practising but also for the ability of wrestling,which preserves the integrity of traditional tactics comprehensively,and manifests the features of technical wrestling project.The ranks of Taekwondo include ten grades,three classes and nine ranks.The distinctions between them are rather detailed and standard.The seventh and the ninth are only imparted to those who surpass others in knowledge or those who have made remarkable contributions to Taekwondo athletics.Getting the Taekwondocoach qualification in Korea needs not only passing the technical exams,but also the exams of moral taste and knowledge.The high rank coaches also have to pass the thesis defense.This kind of distinct hierarchy system makes Taekwondo athletics not only have the technical and visual nature,but also the academic nature.
The grade assessment of Chinese Wushu Sanda is only confined to the actual combat.It not only break away from Wushu established series of movement,but also divorces from the pattern of keeping fit and practising,and the features of displaying rich and varied art of attack and defense,which Chinese Wushu stresses.Even worse,most practising persons are lack of the relevant knowledge,and not accepting good education,which makes Wushu practisers themselves not possess the deserved humanistic qualities,so they have nothing like in publicizing and popularizing of Chinese national culture.
2.3.4 Contrast of contest systems.
Japan enjoys the fame of ‘country of Judo,holding the first postwar National Judo Contest in 1948 and setting up Japanese Judo League in 1949.Now centering on the National Judo Contest Congress,Japan holds Regional Junior High School Students’ Judo Contest (equal to the secondary school students in China ),University Students’ Superior Contest (equal to senior students in China ).National University Students’ Winning Contest etc.Japan directed the first international Judo championship in 1956.In Tokyo Olympics in 1964,Men’s Judo officially became the contest item.Women’s Judo also officially became the contest item in Olympics in 1992.
International Contest of Taekwondo mainly includes international Taekwondochampionship、Asian、African Taekwondo Championship,International University Athletics in Taekwondo contest,International Soldiers’ Athletics in Taekwondo contest etc.Korea seized the chance of holding Olympics in Soul in 1988,making Taekwondo become the Olympics performing item.In 2000 Taekwondo officially became Olympics’ contest event.Sanda in Wushu athletics was regarded as a peculiar athletic event in our country,resumed in1979,but the system of contest lacks coherence abroad and at home,which is a conscious problem that Sanda contest system has.At present,national contest mainly makes use of the way of the point protective appliance,but international contest still adopts the protective appliance.And whether there are protective appliances or not,it will cause great distinction between tactical arrangement and technical exploitation.
2.3.5 Contrast of contest patterns.
Judo itself includes comprehensively wrestling techniques of kicking,beating throwing and catching.They made technical limitation and had some dangerous techniques in traditional Judo deleted in order to make Judo enter the Olympics.Thus forms the technical system of centering on throwing skills and fixed skills on the ground.This kind of contest pattern which does not defeat the opponent by physical power but control the opponent by techniques help develop technical proficiency.
In order to conform to the requirement of the Olympics,technical limitation is carried out on the traditional Taekwondo in the process of reform,which gives prominence to the character of leg skills and ninety percent techniques of Taekwondo are leg skills,which is called the art of legs.The conciseness of the action is beneficial to the mastery of action and qualified assessment.
Modern athletics Sanda regards close attack,far kick as the major way of attack and defense.In its process of development,‘catch’ – one in four techniques in traditional Wushu was deleted.Although safety of Sanda is guaranteed,the alienation was caused to the traditional Wushu skills,and it can no longer represent the character of art of attack and defense which are stressed by Chinese Wushu spirit.
3.Conclusion
3.1 Cultural difference is the premise of the culture dissemination between countries.So culture characteristic and culture tradition have become an important symbol of a nation.Taiji becomes a symbol of China and Chinese costume becomes a symbol of Kongfu.All these reflect the special attraction of our national sports culture.The traditional Wushu is superior to the Judo and Taekwondo not only on the beating effect,but also on the function of bodybuilding and the culture spirit.But Chinese Sanda went further and further off the traditional Wushu culture.When it returns to its development,it fell behind Taekwondo and Judo whether in morality cultivation or in the transmitting of technique.So,Chinese Wushu’s reform should aim at enhancing the development of the traditional sport.We should develop traditional Wushu on the bases of the multidevelopment of sport.
3.2 Because of its unique culture ideology,thoughts and values,Chinese Wushu has great influence on Taekwondo.But Wushu Sanda,Judo and Taekwondo are similar in the fighting skill.It gives up the essence of Chinese Wushu fighting skill in the form.Under the restraint of the western mode,Wushu Sanda imitates the protection,costume and the competition method mechanically,which makes the content of our traditional sport system nearly disappear.But Judo and Taekwondo have successfully won their own places in the competitive sport world which ruled by the western sport.This is because Judo and Taekwondo keep and use a great number of their own national culture symbols.So Wushu Sanda reform should succeed the dynamic symbols of Chinese sport culture.
3.3 Competitive Wushu is our country’s main popularization in the world which is fit for Olympic strategy of Wushu,but whether it is fit for the most oversea people’s requirement is not certain.So when we popularize competitive Wushu,we should also pay attention to the traditional Wushu’s popularization.With the fast development of modern life,people are more adapt to learn some sport items which are easy to learn.Compared with complicated skill of Wushu they can’t get shortterm effect,and it couldn’t meet most oversea people’s needs.Wushu terminologies of its unique ethnic style has been formed during the development of Wushu.Many Wushu terminologies can only be understood and accepted when people know Chinese traditional culture background and knowledge.In addition,the Chinese–English translation of Wushu lacks its norm and unity at present,and it seriously affect Wushu’s international popularization.
3.4 As the fact that the diversity of culture makes the world colorful,we should understand and respect the diversity.Generalization in the globalization of Olympic doesn’t mean uniformed standard or single culture,Europeanization or westernization.Olympic education should be multicultural.Likewise,Chinese traditional sports should make efforts to develop our unique spirit and culture on the base of integrating western sports and modern sports.Once a nation loses its own culture,it will loses its place in the world.Likewise,the development of traditional sports is in the same state.If we lose the precious sports culture,it will be such an evil.So Chinese Wushu should assimilate merits of other sports on the base of preserving its own national characteristic.In this way,Wushu will be accepted by the whole world.
Reference
[1] 馬国力主编.《Sports English》 外语教学与研究出版社,2002年8月
[2] 韩风芝、姚希虹主编.《Learning Wushu for Foreigners》天津科学技术出版社,2004年12月
[3] 扬敏、王克奇、王恒展主编.《Chinese Culture:An Introduction》高教出版社,2006年8月
[4] 阮胜.《对散打运动现状及其发展的思考》[J]武汉体育学院学报,2005年6月
[5] 刘勇、陈永军.《日本柔道与中国武术》[J].体育文化导刊,2004年4月
[6] 郭玉成.《跆拳道、空手道、柔道传播对武术传播的启示》[J].上海体育学院学报,2004年2月
关键词:武术 柔道跆拳道文化比较
【中图分类号】G80【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1009-9646(2009)06-0083-05
1.Introduction
The world political situations have changed remarkably during the middle and the late period of the 20th century.It is well-known to all that globalization which has been formed because of the speedy economic growth is a branded new concept.When it comes to the 21st century,the characteristics of globalization has been all the more obvious.And globalization now is becoming a trend that can not be stopped.The trends of globalization not only touch upon political and economic fields,but also cause many new problems in the development of the culture of the world,especially exert great impact upon the cultures of some their own countries and peoples.People have different views as for globalization,but along with the development and realization of globalization,people share many concerns that matter in the course of globalization.Sports culture,an integral part of Chinese culture,has become the center of study,especially Wushu,which is considered as national traditional sports culture.With the speedy development of Chinese economy,Chinese traditional sports especially athletics sports has improved greatly.However,there is a hidden danger behind this development,that is to say,Chinese sports is gradually losing its own cultural quintessence while it craves for the identity in the form of Western sports.When it comes to martial arts,we mean that the present martial arts are in the direction of athletics so that it can adapt itself to the trend of western sports.People study Wushu just from the standpoint of its functions.Even when people study it from a culture perspective they just do it from an interpretation and analysis.However,we should develop and promote Wushu from its culture and national characteristics.Here I would like to talk about the characteristics of Wushu and its national character of the inheritance and development of Judo,Taekwondo.Through analysis and comparison we will try to find out the deficiencies of Chinese martial arts.The successful introduction and development of Judo and Taekwondo in the involvement of the Olympic Games indicate that the modern Olympic Games embody the differences between the East and the West.The cultural development has provided a lot of valuable things for Chinese Wushu known worldwide.By way of the cultural study in terms of Wushu,Judo and Taekwondo we have new understanding of Chinese martial arts in the international cultural development,meanwhile it has provided chance of spreading Chinese martial arts in the world.
2.The Comparison of Chinese Martial Arts and Judo and Taekwondo from the Standpoint of Sports Culture
Chinese Wushu,also known as gongfu (also spelt as kungfu) or martial arts,a valuable cultural heritage of the Chinese nation,is a traditional Chinese sport with a unique national characteristic.It enjoys a long history and a large number of practitioners.Based on movements employed in fighting,such as kicking,striking,throwing,catching,repelling,and stabbing,Wushu is practiced in various types of set exercise,either barehanded or slow,hard or soft,the practitioners wrestle with each other and try to outwit each other,which help them to build their physique,heighten their will,cultivate themselves and preserve their lives.
Chinese Wushu is long in history,rich in content and varied in form.Today Wushu generally falls into 5 categories:barehanded exercises,exercises with weapons,dual combats,group performances,and combat using offensive and defensive skills.
Wushu has become widely popular among the common people.As a result,there appeared quite a few martial artists with unique skills such as Yue Nǚ,Yuan Gong,Lu Shigong,etc.To promote the exchanges of wushu,extraordinary martial artists came from all parts of the country for a competition twice a year,once in spring and once in autumn.Hand-to-hand combat and swordplay became the most popular events of competition.Wushu at this time did not just meet people’s needs for survival.It gradually became part of people’s everyday life or cultural enjoyment.With the development of history,Wushu began to become an important component of human culture.
Sports culture is mainly manifested in the form of physical activity and contains generous spirit of national culture.In the process of cultural development,it has become a visible and explicit cultural symbol.The Chinese nation has a long history of civilization.In the process of evolution Chinese people have created brilliant culture.Traditional sports have become stronger and stronger during this period.China’s unique way of thinking、theoretical form、values、the spirits and language style all have made great contribution to the growth of Chinese sports culture.As a cultural heritage,traditional sports have a profound cultural background and meantime play a leading role in the history of Chinese civilization,among which Wushu is the most representative.Based on this unique culture when we conduct a study we should divide this sports culture into spirit culture,behavior culture and material culture.It can be seen from the chart below:
2.1 The Comparison of Spirits Culture.
2.1.1 The Comparison of Morality.Japanese Judo attaches more importance to mind exercise.It associates mind and technique with body and aims to cultivate people’s identity and character.Through the training,it aims to develop the spirits of loyalty and reward,awareness of humiliation and praise of violence.Moreover,on the basis of body building,it also instills the element of mind-training.More important it places importance on the manners,behavior and the morality of teachers.It seeks the unity of struggle and peace in the process of competition.
Taekwondo has absorbed the thoughts of Chinese Confucian ethics education and manifested itself in the form of etiquette.It praises the spirits of etiquette from the beginning to the end,kindness and modesty,the spirits of perseverance and selfimprovement.It requires the doers to perform not on appearance,but from the bottom of their hearts.After a longterm practice and competition,such etiquette is made to root in their DNA.
Chinese Wushu,one item which presents Chinese traditional culture quintessence,can be called “the moral fist”.From the ways of attack and defense,we can see that it forms with doctrine of the mean and the inaction.And Taijiquan pays attention to the sacrifice and the motionlessness and flexibility.Taijiquan embodies the moral character not only in oral or written form,but in the concrete skill which adopts the principles of kindness either.
2.1.2 Comparison between the aesthetic ideas.
In the practice of judo,we’re required to have the sense of correct etiquette,selfcontrol,honesty and obedience.In the “free and disordered” onetoone wrestling,though it is fierce,we still should perfectly selfdiscipline to achieve the “Tao” degree,which means we should “make good use of our energy and benefit ourselves and others”.In such way we’ll get along with each other harmoniously and achieve peaceful coexistence between countries.
In the Taekwondo practice,the orientation is “the sense of etiquette,the sense of honor and shame as well as the spirit of perseverance ”.It aims to foster us the spirit of bravery,decisiveness and patience,through which we can build up the character of stickatitiveness and active personality and form the virtue of benevolence and modesty.So the character of patriotism and dedication are built up as well.As an integrated culture ideology,“Taiji” treats the concept “Integration of nature and man” as the core of cultural character.Chinese Wushu follows the idea of benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdom and fidelity,which is the essence of Chinese traditional culture and embodies the unity not only between man and man also man and nature.However,on one hand,Wushu Sanda externally shows the western civilization—full of heroics、stunt and excitement;on the other hand,it internally has a shortage of oriental civilization character.Just as the saying goes,only what is national belongs to the world,every nation has its own culture and it couldn’t live or develop without its own culture.But as a part of the national culture,the traditional physical culture,and traditional sports would decline and even disappear if they are controlled by the western physical culture ideas.Not to say to develop and strengthen it.
2.2 Comparisons of the material culture.
2.2.1 Comparison between the fields.
Taekwondo competition field is 12㎡.It is a horizontal and flat square.There should be a spongy cushion on the field.If necessary,the filed should be 50 to 60 cm higher than the floor.The angle between the support equipment and the floor should be less than 30°.The 8㎡ square in the center is the competition section.
The competition area in judo consists of vinylcovered foam mats,or tatami,two meters long,a meter wide and joined together to from a 14-meter square with three specific areas.The inner area,the green contest area,is a sixmeter square.It is bounded by a onemeter red area,or danger zone,which alerts judo competitors that they are nearly out of bounds.The outside zone,the safety zone,is three meters wide.This area is out of bounds.Two pieces of tape,one blue and one white,appear in the middle of the contest area.Four meters apart,they mark where the competitors or judoka stand to begin and end each bout.
The competition field of Sanda is an arena.It is a wood stage which is 60cm high,800cm wide and 800cm long.The stage is covered with a flexible mat,which is also covered by a canvas sheet.There is a Taiji map in the center of the stage,whose diameter is 100cm.The edge is 5cm wide marked with a red line.The 10cm wide yellow warning line is about 90cm away from the edge on the four sides.The ground all around the stage lays supplementary mats,which are about 20～40cm high and 200cm wide.
2.2.2 Comparison between the national costume.
The property of Japanese judo clothing shows its nation identity of Judo sport.The athletes are bare handed and bare footed,A Dan belt is tied on the waist,which makes the distinction very visible.Meanwhile the use of the multicolor costume makes the competition more appreciative and fairer.
Taekwondo costume shows the vivid Korea national character.The pattern and color of the costume reflect the Korean tradition that white is their favorite color.It is added with the white,red and black belt to distinguish different ranks and intensify the spectators’ visual feeling.
Wushu Sanda athletes wear pants and sports giblet,which not only breaks away from the innate Chinese traditional character apparently,but also goes far beyond the traditional Chinese Wushu spirit ruthlessly.
2.2.3 The comparison between the assembly halls.
The Japanese judo’s “preaching hall” is not only its research center,but also one of spreading ways.Through the Judo association in the world,Japan brings forward the idea that “popularizing the judo preaching hall to further the friendship and communication between the Judo experts.Through the development of the research method,Judo is put forward in the world.” More than 170 countries have taken part in the international Judo association.
The Korean Taekwondo is spread through the “Taekwondo hall”.The Taekwondo halls around the world become the largest spreading network,which makes it convenient for the people in the world to learn and practise Taekwondo.The National Taekwondo College in South Korea is considered as the Taekwondo teaching and theoretical research center of the whole world.There are more than 160 countries and districts which become the members of the world Taekwondo association.About 70 million people are taking part in the sport.
2.3 The comparison between the action systems.
2.3.1 The comparison between the score standards.
2.3.1.1 It shows the different evaluation ideas and methods.
The evaluation of Wuahu Sanda takes on the following characteristics:① the traditional “arena” idea ②the idea to get score “delicately” ③ emphasis the difficulty of the action.The Taekwondo shows its brief,exact and energetic character.It emphases on the controlling character.
2.3.1.2 Comparison between different evaluation ideas and methods.
The great communicative and melting trend of the 21st century makes the national physical game more international and appreciative.The standard of the Taekwondo competition has no concept of the movements and position,so it is easy to popularize,control and judge.The athlete who correctly and powerfully strikes the opponents certain part will score.It especially meets the western sports thought because it is objective and easily evaluated.It encourages the athletes to strike and kick boldly in the competition field and let the energy exploded totally in a moment,which caters for the audiences’ requirement of excitement and fierceness.
The evaluating standard in the Wushu Sanda competition is that one who is beaten off the “arena” twice will lose the game.It inherits the traditional standard of “Da Leitai”.“Leitai”,which means a stage,is the symbol of a qualified warrior.One who is out of the stage means losing the games.No matter how fierce or passive the competition is,no competitor can easily give up.The competitor’s spirit and will in the competition are highly praised.This competition encourages using special skills to get scores.It emphasizes to get score by “skill”.That is to encourage the competitors to use suitable skill to win the game.It shows the integrated strategy of our nation and our national characteristic.For instance,according to the “rules of 2004 Wushu Sanda”,amended by Chinese Wushu administration.Wushu Sanda pays more attention to the difficult motivation.This caters for the modern sports requirement.It is a perfect combination of strength,speed,skill and energy.It is much more exciting,fierce and amazing.
2.3.2 The comparison of the action limitations and punishment standards between Sanda and Taekwondo.
2.3.2.1 The action limitation and punishment standard is similar in the mass.They both attach the importance to the building of sport morality and sport spirit.They also lay stress on the safety of the player.Both pay attention to the good development of the skill and advocate an exciting,fierce and normal competition.Both reflect high sport principle.
2.3.2.2 The Difference of behavior limitation and penalized rules between Wushu Sanda and Taekwondo.
①The penalized rules in Wushu Sanda are that if one side is exhorted or warned,the other scores;Taekwondo is that the participant who is warned or scores cut will be subtracted scores.②The penalized rules in Wushu Sanda are more inclined to the nature and category of foul,conducting exhortation or warning;Taekwondo mainly makes warning or scorescutting according to the degree of foul.③Wushu Sanda stresses more the negative penalty in contest;Taekwondo mainly focuses on the nonstandardized technical penalty,reflecting the different respective ideas of art of attack and defense,technical spirits and distinct evaluating point of view and approach.
2.3.3 Comparison of ranks obtained.
Judo wins the honorific title of ‘ Traditional Japanese Athletics’ in Japan.Judo rank system was established in1884.Rank promotion system contains five grades,ten Dans was made to push people to practise Judo,which was also regarded as the symbol of learning and judging the degree of cultivating one’s mind.Taekwondo is called ‘traditional Korean athletics’ in Korea,the promotion of ranks do not ask only for the ability of practising but also for the ability of wrestling,which preserves the integrity of traditional tactics comprehensively,and manifests the features of technical wrestling project.The ranks of Taekwondo include ten grades,three classes and nine ranks.The distinctions between them are rather detailed and standard.The seventh and the ninth are only imparted to those who surpass others in knowledge or those who have made remarkable contributions to Taekwondo athletics.Getting the Taekwondocoach qualification in Korea needs not only passing the technical exams,but also the exams of moral taste and knowledge.The high rank coaches also have to pass the thesis defense.This kind of distinct hierarchy system makes Taekwondo athletics not only have the technical and visual nature,but also the academic nature.
The grade assessment of Chinese Wushu Sanda is only confined to the actual combat.It not only break away from Wushu established series of movement,but also divorces from the pattern of keeping fit and practising,and the features of displaying rich and varied art of attack and defense,which Chinese Wushu stresses.Even worse,most practising persons are lack of the relevant knowledge,and not accepting good education,which makes Wushu practisers themselves not possess the deserved humanistic qualities,so they have nothing like in publicizing and popularizing of Chinese national culture.
2.3.4 Contrast of contest systems.
Japan enjoys the fame of ‘country of Judo,holding the first postwar National Judo Contest in 1948 and setting up Japanese Judo League in 1949.Now centering on the National Judo Contest Congress,Japan holds Regional Junior High School Students’ Judo Contest (equal to the secondary school students in China ),University Students’ Superior Contest (equal to senior students in China ).National University Students’ Winning Contest etc.Japan directed the first international Judo championship in 1956.In Tokyo Olympics in 1964,Men’s Judo officially became the contest item.Women’s Judo also officially became the contest item in Olympics in 1992.
International Contest of Taekwondo mainly includes international Taekwondochampionship、Asian、African Taekwondo Championship,International University Athletics in Taekwondo contest,International Soldiers’ Athletics in Taekwondo contest etc.Korea seized the chance of holding Olympics in Soul in 1988,making Taekwondo become the Olympics performing item.In 2000 Taekwondo officially became Olympics’ contest event.Sanda in Wushu athletics was regarded as a peculiar athletic event in our country,resumed in1979,but the system of contest lacks coherence abroad and at home,which is a conscious problem that Sanda contest system has.At present,national contest mainly makes use of the way of the point protective appliance,but international contest still adopts the protective appliance.And whether there are protective appliances or not,it will cause great distinction between tactical arrangement and technical exploitation.
2.3.5 Contrast of contest patterns.
Judo itself includes comprehensively wrestling techniques of kicking,beating throwing and catching.They made technical limitation and had some dangerous techniques in traditional Judo deleted in order to make Judo enter the Olympics.Thus forms the technical system of centering on throwing skills and fixed skills on the ground.This kind of contest pattern which does not defeat the opponent by physical power but control the opponent by techniques help develop technical proficiency.
In order to conform to the requirement of the Olympics,technical limitation is carried out on the traditional Taekwondo in the process of reform,which gives prominence to the character of leg skills and ninety percent techniques of Taekwondo are leg skills,which is called the art of legs.The conciseness of the action is beneficial to the mastery of action and qualified assessment.
Modern athletics Sanda regards close attack,far kick as the major way of attack and defense.In its process of development,‘catch’ – one in four techniques in traditional Wushu was deleted.Although safety of Sanda is guaranteed,the alienation was caused to the traditional Wushu skills,and it can no longer represent the character of art of attack and defense which are stressed by Chinese Wushu spirit.
3.Conclusion
3.1 Cultural difference is the premise of the culture dissemination between countries.So culture characteristic and culture tradition have become an important symbol of a nation.Taiji becomes a symbol of China and Chinese costume becomes a symbol of Kongfu.All these reflect the special attraction of our national sports culture.The traditional Wushu is superior to the Judo and Taekwondo not only on the beating effect,but also on the function of bodybuilding and the culture spirit.But Chinese Sanda went further and further off the traditional Wushu culture.When it returns to its development,it fell behind Taekwondo and Judo whether in morality cultivation or in the transmitting of technique.So,Chinese Wushu’s reform should aim at enhancing the development of the traditional sport.We should develop traditional Wushu on the bases of the multidevelopment of sport.
3.2 Because of its unique culture ideology,thoughts and values,Chinese Wushu has great influence on Taekwondo.But Wushu Sanda,Judo and Taekwondo are similar in the fighting skill.It gives up the essence of Chinese Wushu fighting skill in the form.Under the restraint of the western mode,Wushu Sanda imitates the protection,costume and the competition method mechanically,which makes the content of our traditional sport system nearly disappear.But Judo and Taekwondo have successfully won their own places in the competitive sport world which ruled by the western sport.This is because Judo and Taekwondo keep and use a great number of their own national culture symbols.So Wushu Sanda reform should succeed the dynamic symbols of Chinese sport culture.
3.3 Competitive Wushu is our country’s main popularization in the world which is fit for Olympic strategy of Wushu,but whether it is fit for the most oversea people’s requirement is not certain.So when we popularize competitive Wushu,we should also pay attention to the traditional Wushu’s popularization.With the fast development of modern life,people are more adapt to learn some sport items which are easy to learn.Compared with complicated skill of Wushu they can’t get shortterm effect,and it couldn’t meet most oversea people’s needs.Wushu terminologies of its unique ethnic style has been formed during the development of Wushu.Many Wushu terminologies can only be understood and accepted when people know Chinese traditional culture background and knowledge.In addition,the Chinese–English translation of Wushu lacks its norm and unity at present,and it seriously affect Wushu’s international popularization.
3.4 As the fact that the diversity of culture makes the world colorful,we should understand and respect the diversity.Generalization in the globalization of Olympic doesn’t mean uniformed standard or single culture,Europeanization or westernization.Olympic education should be multicultural.Likewise,Chinese traditional sports should make efforts to develop our unique spirit and culture on the base of integrating western sports and modern sports.Once a nation loses its own culture,it will loses its place in the world.Likewise,the development of traditional sports is in the same state.If we lose the precious sports culture,it will be such an evil.So Chinese Wushu should assimilate merits of other sports on the base of preserving its own national characteristic.In this way,Wushu will be accepted by the whole world.
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