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定语从句和名词性从句是英语语法学习中的一大难关。从某种意义上来说,这些从句的学习是整个英语学习过程中的一个瓶颈。能否突破这个瓶颈是能否继续深入学习、研究的关键。而在这些从句的学习过程中that 扮演着不同的角色,对初学者来说that所起的不同作用是很容易混淆的。所以笔者参考了大量中外语法类资料,对that在从句中的运用做了一下归纳和总结,供学者参考。
一、that在定语从句中的应用:
在定语从句中that是常用的关系词。它在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。同时,它起着三个作用:代替先行词,在定语从句中作句子成分,连接先行词与定语从句。那么我们具体说一下that的用法。
that指人或物,在从句中可作主语或宾语,还可作表语。作宾语或表语时可省略,但大多是不省略的。如:
The picture (that) he was looking at was drawn by his daughter. 他正在看的这幅图画是他女儿画的。
The old man that I visited yesterday is my teacher.我昨天拜访的那位老人是我的老师。
同时that也是关系副词:
(一)在表示地点时,that=where=介词+which。如:
The house that/where/in which we live is very large.我们住的房子非常大。
(二)表示时间时,that=when=介词+which。如:
I still remember the days that/when/on which I helped my father.我仍记得在农场给爸爸帮忙的日子。
(三)表示方式时,that=in which。如:
Can you find any way that/in which we can work out the problem? 你能找出解决这个问题的办法吗?
另外,that 有时还可以代替关系副词why,表示原因。如:
The reason that /why he did not go to school was his mother’s illness.他没上学是因为他妈妈病了。
注:定语从句中that和which 一般可以互换,但下列情况必须用that,不能用which。
1、先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级、the only, the last, the very 修饰时,关系词用that 不用which。如:
This is one of the most interesting stories that I have ever read.
这是我读过的最有趣的故事之一。
That is the only thing that she can do.那是她唯一能做的。
2、先行词是不定代词或被不定代词修饰时,关系词用that 而不用which。如:
Is there anything that I can do for you? 我能帮你做点什么吗?
Everything that you did will be remembered.我会记住你所有做过的事。
3、先行词既有人也有物时要有that 不用which。如:
The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by all of us.我们所有人都敬佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
二、that在宾语从句中的应用:
that是宾语从句中最常见的连接词,它只起连接主、从句的作用,本身无意义,在口语和非正式文体中常省略。如:
She said (that) she went to Beijing last year. 她说她去年去过北京。
Our teacher told us (that) light travels faster than sound.我们老师告诉我们光比声音传播的快。
注:下列情况that常不省略。
(一)当宾语从句中的主语是this, that 或this, that 作主语的定语时。如:
I know that that man is his father.我知道那个人是他父亲。
(二)that引导的宾语从句中如果另有复合句时that不能省略。如:
He told us that if we could all come to help out, the whole situation would be looking up.他告诉我说如果我们能都来帮忙,整个局势将会好转。
(三)当主句的谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语时that不能省略。如:
It says here, on TV, that English is getting more and more important.电视上说英语变得越来越重要了。
三、that在同位语从句中的应用:
that 是同位语从句中常用的连词,本身无词义,也不充当任何句子成分,但不能省略。从句前面的名词多为news, fact, idea, thought, suggestion等。如:
The fact that some countries are still suffering from poverty is really a great problem to the world.有一些國家仍然贫困,这对整个世界来说是一个大问题。
I have an idea that it will rain tomorrow.我认为明天要下雨。
注:怎样区分that 引导的定语从句和that 引导的同位语从句:
(一)所修饰的先行词不同。同位语从句的先行词是有限 的几个,而定语从句修饰的先行词没有数量限制。
(二)在从句中所起的作用不同。在定语从句中that 是关系词,连接主句和从句,在从句中作句子成分。而在同位语从句中that 是连词,只起连接主句和从句的作用,不充当任何成分,不可省略,也不能被which 代替。
参考文献:
[1]Dellar, H.&D. Hocking (2000) Innovation, Hove: language Teaching Publishers.
[2]Leech, G & Svartvit, J. (1974) A Communicative Grammar of English Longman.
[3]Purpura, J (2004) Assessing Grammar. Cambridge University Press.
[4]教育部《英语课程标准及解读》(实验稿),北京师范大学出版社2002年。
[5]章振邦《新编英语语法》(第三版),上海外语教育出版社,1997年。
[6]张道真《实用英语语法》,商务印书馆,1981年。
[7]张道真《现代英语用法词典》,上海译文出版社,2000年。
[8]夸克等《英语语法大全》(汉译本),华东师范大学出版社,1989年。
[9]张儒林等《英语语法疑难问题解答》人民出版社,2000年。
[10]徐广联《大学英语语法》,华东理工大学出版社,2008年。
一、that在定语从句中的应用:
在定语从句中that是常用的关系词。它在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。同时,它起着三个作用:代替先行词,在定语从句中作句子成分,连接先行词与定语从句。那么我们具体说一下that的用法。
that指人或物,在从句中可作主语或宾语,还可作表语。作宾语或表语时可省略,但大多是不省略的。如:
The picture (that) he was looking at was drawn by his daughter. 他正在看的这幅图画是他女儿画的。
The old man that I visited yesterday is my teacher.我昨天拜访的那位老人是我的老师。
同时that也是关系副词:
(一)在表示地点时,that=where=介词+which。如:
The house that/where/in which we live is very large.我们住的房子非常大。
(二)表示时间时,that=when=介词+which。如:
I still remember the days that/when/on which I helped my father.我仍记得在农场给爸爸帮忙的日子。
(三)表示方式时,that=in which。如:
Can you find any way that/in which we can work out the problem? 你能找出解决这个问题的办法吗?
另外,that 有时还可以代替关系副词why,表示原因。如:
The reason that /why he did not go to school was his mother’s illness.他没上学是因为他妈妈病了。
注:定语从句中that和which 一般可以互换,但下列情况必须用that,不能用which。
1、先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级、the only, the last, the very 修饰时,关系词用that 不用which。如:
This is one of the most interesting stories that I have ever read.
这是我读过的最有趣的故事之一。
That is the only thing that she can do.那是她唯一能做的。
2、先行词是不定代词或被不定代词修饰时,关系词用that 而不用which。如:
Is there anything that I can do for you? 我能帮你做点什么吗?
Everything that you did will be remembered.我会记住你所有做过的事。
3、先行词既有人也有物时要有that 不用which。如:
The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by all of us.我们所有人都敬佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
二、that在宾语从句中的应用:
that是宾语从句中最常见的连接词,它只起连接主、从句的作用,本身无意义,在口语和非正式文体中常省略。如:
She said (that) she went to Beijing last year. 她说她去年去过北京。
Our teacher told us (that) light travels faster than sound.我们老师告诉我们光比声音传播的快。
注:下列情况that常不省略。
(一)当宾语从句中的主语是this, that 或this, that 作主语的定语时。如:
I know that that man is his father.我知道那个人是他父亲。
(二)that引导的宾语从句中如果另有复合句时that不能省略。如:
He told us that if we could all come to help out, the whole situation would be looking up.他告诉我说如果我们能都来帮忙,整个局势将会好转。
(三)当主句的谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语时that不能省略。如:
It says here, on TV, that English is getting more and more important.电视上说英语变得越来越重要了。
三、that在同位语从句中的应用:
that 是同位语从句中常用的连词,本身无词义,也不充当任何句子成分,但不能省略。从句前面的名词多为news, fact, idea, thought, suggestion等。如:
The fact that some countries are still suffering from poverty is really a great problem to the world.有一些國家仍然贫困,这对整个世界来说是一个大问题。
I have an idea that it will rain tomorrow.我认为明天要下雨。
注:怎样区分that 引导的定语从句和that 引导的同位语从句:
(一)所修饰的先行词不同。同位语从句的先行词是有限 的几个,而定语从句修饰的先行词没有数量限制。
(二)在从句中所起的作用不同。在定语从句中that 是关系词,连接主句和从句,在从句中作句子成分。而在同位语从句中that 是连词,只起连接主句和从句的作用,不充当任何成分,不可省略,也不能被which 代替。
参考文献:
[1]Dellar, H.&D. Hocking (2000) Innovation, Hove: language Teaching Publishers.
[2]Leech, G & Svartvit, J. (1974) A Communicative Grammar of English Longman.
[3]Purpura, J (2004) Assessing Grammar. Cambridge University Press.
[4]教育部《英语课程标准及解读》(实验稿),北京师范大学出版社2002年。
[5]章振邦《新编英语语法》(第三版),上海外语教育出版社,1997年。
[6]张道真《实用英语语法》,商务印书馆,1981年。
[7]张道真《现代英语用法词典》,上海译文出版社,2000年。
[8]夸克等《英语语法大全》(汉译本),华东师范大学出版社,1989年。
[9]张儒林等《英语语法疑难问题解答》人民出版社,2000年。
[10]徐广联《大学英语语法》,华东理工大学出版社,2008年。