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Tulous in Fujian
Huang Hanmin & Chen Limu | Fujian Science and Technology Publishing House | ?350.00 | Feb 2012
Book description
In the book Tulous in Fujian， the classification and architectural features of Fujian tulou are systematically introduced from individual buildings to group settlement， plane layout to space composition， building technology to detail ornaments and defensive performance to folk custom， revealing detail by detail the overall scene， individual features and cultural connotations of Fujian tulous. Besides， it explores in depth the origin and development course of Fujian tulous as well as the forming causation of the round tulous， and it gives new insights into the protection， development and sustainable development of this activated heritage as well. With the form of “building tree”， this book fully and accurately introduces nearly 70 typical tulous and provides the first hand information of intensive study in different disciplines via listing the survey data of 62 typical tulous separately and integrating with planar graph， vertical view and profile map and photos of buildings.
Fujian tulous was inscribed on the list of World Culture Heritage five years ago. However， due to the misleading of various publicities， people have some cognitive traps about Fujian tulous such as： classifying Fujian tulous into Hakka House， inferring the construction year of tulous on the basis of unreliable genealogy， estimating the quantity of tulous without foundation. The featured tulou that is not listed on the list World Cultural Heritage has been damaged sharply and the protection of such existing heritage confronts lots of problems.
In the book Tulous in Fujian， new opinions are illuminated concerning the following main issues.
Firstly， it discusses the concept of tulous. Because of the confused concept definition of tulous， there’s always false introduction to so-called millions of tulous. If we include all the rammed earth buildings in Fujian tulous， will the peculiarity and uniqueness of Fujian tulous exist？
Before the appearance of this book， several books on Fujian tulous have tried hard to give an accurate definition to Fujian tulous. Undoubtedly， the outstanding defensive performance and essential feature of living in a compact building must be contained in the definition. Besides， the expression of “load-bearing of loam wall” makes it different to the Fujian earth fortress. However， those definitions all try to cover the Five Phoenix Tower and consequently omitting the most important overall arrangement feature of bedrooms， which are equally and linearly arranged along the periphery， in both square and round tulous of Fujian regardless of their status of a generation in the family. Therefore， in the latest definition in this book， the Hakka Five Phoenix Tower is excluded from the Fujian tulou. Actually， Hakka Five Phoenix Tower is the masterpiece of Hakka rammed earth buildings， but its “three principal rooms and two side halls” layout is the same as the northern courtyard and the “large official residence” in southern Fujian. Except the main building， defensive performance is not obviously shown in Five Phoenix Tower. So excluding it from Fujian tulous does no harm its distinguishing status among all Hakka rammed earth buildings. On the contrary， such a classification is conducive to make the peculiarity and uniqueness of community-layout of Fujian tulous prominent and stress its individual characteristics. In reality， people are mostly interested in square and round tulouss with enclosed periphery of housing， prominent defensive performance and specific model. As for this book， the new definition of the concept Fujian tulous will contribute to the interpretation of feature of Fujian tulous and be helpful to promote further research on Fujian tulous.
Secondly， it discusses the distribution of tulous. The Hakka tulou in Yongding County， a county in western Fujian， is Fujian tulou which was firstly founded and introduced around the world. It was found until the1980s that the tulou also exists in western Fujian. Moreover， the tulous， which were the home of Min-nan people， have unit plane layout that is totally different from the Hakka tulou. Till recent years， it is known that three counties in northeast Guangdong， being adjacent to Fujian Province， have the same-type distinctive tulous which were the homes of Chaozhou people with Fujian as well， such as the Daoyun Tower， the biggest octagonal tulou in Raoping County， Guangdong Province. Since most tulous are located in Fujian， they are named as “Fujian tulous” when being inscribed on the list of “World Heritage”. Now， Fujian tulous should be a proper noun which refers in particular to this type of tulous rather than tulous located in Fujian only. Hence， the areas of distribution of tulous should also include northeast Guangdong， and cover the tulous of Hakkas， Min-nan people and Chaozhou People.
Thirdly， it discusses the construction peak of tulous. Many people think that Fujian tulous are the remains of old residential buildings. As a matter of fact， only half of the existing Fujian tulous are built in Ming and Qing dynasties， while the other half were built in the 20th century. For the appendix of this book， a census table of tulous in Nanjing County， Fujian Province in the 1980s is annexed and it is the most elaborate statistical information of tulous in the most centralized area. According to the statistic， there’re 688 tulous existing in Nanjing County， among which 376 were built in the 20th century， accounting for 54.7% of the total. But 57.7% of the 376 tulous were built during the 1950s to 1960s. This ignored fact is revealed visually with charts to people. It discusses the pressure of population increase， condition of public ownership of land， unhealthy trend in the Cultural Revolution and the way of cooperative construction， etc.， which all contribute to the great mass fervor of tulou construction and the formation of the features of tulous in that period. Fourthly， it discusses the birth time of tulous. With respect to the appearance of tulous， it is widely said that the Fujian tulou was born during the 11th century and the 13th century （the Song and Yuan dynasties）. But now it has been demonstrated with reliable illustration that the earliest square tulous is the Yide Tower built in the 37th year in the reign of Jiajing in Ming （1558） in Zhangpu County. Although it has been destroyed， its stone inscribed board is well kept. Qiyun Tower， an elliptical building in Hua’an County， being clearly carved with “the 18th year of Wanli of Ming” （1590） on the stone inscribed board， is the oldest recorded round tulou known by people. In Hua’an County， there’re 7 tulous which have inscribed boards carved with the year of completion. And in Nanjing County， there’re 6， and in Zhangpu County， 5. Those tulous have been listed in Tulous in Fujian and analyzed with reliable documentary records. The birth year of Fujian tulou is most likely during the reign of Jiajing of Ming， and the harassing from Japanese pirates is the direct inducement of its emergence.
Fifthly， it discusses the new data of tulous’ total number. It is not strange that the Fujian tulou is difficult to be calculated for they are generally located in remote mountainous areas， being badly damaged in recent years and treated differently by different counties as well as being defined diversely. In order to find out their “exact details”， the author made investigations and researches in those counties that lack accurate statistical figures one by one according the topographic map with a proportion of ten thousandth thus obtaining a result that there’re 2，812 Fujian tulous in total， in which 1，341 are round buildings， 1，204 are square ones and 267 are deviant tulous. This latest statistical data can be regarded as pretty accurate.
Sixthly， it discusses the new concept of tulou protection. After being inscribed on the list of “World Heritage”， Fujian tulous confront three challenges：
The first challenge is that there’re still many distinctive tulous not inscribed on the list of “World Heritage” and their features are quite remarkable. Not listed as world heritages， and without any concerns or investment， they are facing severer damage and even annihilation in this rapidly-urbanized world. Those tulous need to be saved urgently.
The second challenge is that the tulous and tulou communities which have been inscribed on the list “World Heritage” are bearing amounts of visitors. Over-commercialized tourism development is dragging tulou communities down to a modern theme park， and the inner yards of tulous have become the “tourist souvenir supermarkets”. The primitive tulou life style is rarely seen and the traditional culture of tulous confronts crisis.
The third challenge is that as an activated cultural heritage， tulous shall be the houses of people. So how the ancient tulous adapt themselves to the need of modern life？ How to change and keep the villagers to avoid the tendency of “empty-villages”？
In the book of Tulous in Fujian， the author makes a preliminary discussion on solutions to the above challenges and raises a villager-oriented， government-leading， expert-guiding and villager-implementing idea of protection and comes up with constructive opinions to the protection and reform of tulous. Also， this book suggests turning the tulous in Shiqiao Village， Nanjing County into a museum， to promote the protection of tulou communities and realize the inheritance and development of tulou culture.
Huang Hanmin & Chen Limu | Fujian Science and Technology Publishing House | ?350.00 | Feb 2012
Book description
In the book Tulous in Fujian， the classification and architectural features of Fujian tulou are systematically introduced from individual buildings to group settlement， plane layout to space composition， building technology to detail ornaments and defensive performance to folk custom， revealing detail by detail the overall scene， individual features and cultural connotations of Fujian tulous. Besides， it explores in depth the origin and development course of Fujian tulous as well as the forming causation of the round tulous， and it gives new insights into the protection， development and sustainable development of this activated heritage as well. With the form of “building tree”， this book fully and accurately introduces nearly 70 typical tulous and provides the first hand information of intensive study in different disciplines via listing the survey data of 62 typical tulous separately and integrating with planar graph， vertical view and profile map and photos of buildings.
Fujian tulous was inscribed on the list of World Culture Heritage five years ago. However， due to the misleading of various publicities， people have some cognitive traps about Fujian tulous such as： classifying Fujian tulous into Hakka House， inferring the construction year of tulous on the basis of unreliable genealogy， estimating the quantity of tulous without foundation. The featured tulou that is not listed on the list World Cultural Heritage has been damaged sharply and the protection of such existing heritage confronts lots of problems.
In the book Tulous in Fujian， new opinions are illuminated concerning the following main issues.
Firstly， it discusses the concept of tulous. Because of the confused concept definition of tulous， there’s always false introduction to so-called millions of tulous. If we include all the rammed earth buildings in Fujian tulous， will the peculiarity and uniqueness of Fujian tulous exist？
Before the appearance of this book， several books on Fujian tulous have tried hard to give an accurate definition to Fujian tulous. Undoubtedly， the outstanding defensive performance and essential feature of living in a compact building must be contained in the definition. Besides， the expression of “load-bearing of loam wall” makes it different to the Fujian earth fortress. However， those definitions all try to cover the Five Phoenix Tower and consequently omitting the most important overall arrangement feature of bedrooms， which are equally and linearly arranged along the periphery， in both square and round tulous of Fujian regardless of their status of a generation in the family. Therefore， in the latest definition in this book， the Hakka Five Phoenix Tower is excluded from the Fujian tulou. Actually， Hakka Five Phoenix Tower is the masterpiece of Hakka rammed earth buildings， but its “three principal rooms and two side halls” layout is the same as the northern courtyard and the “large official residence” in southern Fujian. Except the main building， defensive performance is not obviously shown in Five Phoenix Tower. So excluding it from Fujian tulous does no harm its distinguishing status among all Hakka rammed earth buildings. On the contrary， such a classification is conducive to make the peculiarity and uniqueness of community-layout of Fujian tulous prominent and stress its individual characteristics. In reality， people are mostly interested in square and round tulouss with enclosed periphery of housing， prominent defensive performance and specific model. As for this book， the new definition of the concept Fujian tulous will contribute to the interpretation of feature of Fujian tulous and be helpful to promote further research on Fujian tulous.
Secondly， it discusses the distribution of tulous. The Hakka tulou in Yongding County， a county in western Fujian， is Fujian tulou which was firstly founded and introduced around the world. It was found until the1980s that the tulou also exists in western Fujian. Moreover， the tulous， which were the home of Min-nan people， have unit plane layout that is totally different from the Hakka tulou. Till recent years， it is known that three counties in northeast Guangdong， being adjacent to Fujian Province， have the same-type distinctive tulous which were the homes of Chaozhou people with Fujian as well， such as the Daoyun Tower， the biggest octagonal tulou in Raoping County， Guangdong Province. Since most tulous are located in Fujian， they are named as “Fujian tulous” when being inscribed on the list of “World Heritage”. Now， Fujian tulous should be a proper noun which refers in particular to this type of tulous rather than tulous located in Fujian only. Hence， the areas of distribution of tulous should also include northeast Guangdong， and cover the tulous of Hakkas， Min-nan people and Chaozhou People.
Thirdly， it discusses the construction peak of tulous. Many people think that Fujian tulous are the remains of old residential buildings. As a matter of fact， only half of the existing Fujian tulous are built in Ming and Qing dynasties， while the other half were built in the 20th century. For the appendix of this book， a census table of tulous in Nanjing County， Fujian Province in the 1980s is annexed and it is the most elaborate statistical information of tulous in the most centralized area. According to the statistic， there’re 688 tulous existing in Nanjing County， among which 376 were built in the 20th century， accounting for 54.7% of the total. But 57.7% of the 376 tulous were built during the 1950s to 1960s. This ignored fact is revealed visually with charts to people. It discusses the pressure of population increase， condition of public ownership of land， unhealthy trend in the Cultural Revolution and the way of cooperative construction， etc.， which all contribute to the great mass fervor of tulou construction and the formation of the features of tulous in that period. Fourthly， it discusses the birth time of tulous. With respect to the appearance of tulous， it is widely said that the Fujian tulou was born during the 11th century and the 13th century （the Song and Yuan dynasties）. But now it has been demonstrated with reliable illustration that the earliest square tulous is the Yide Tower built in the 37th year in the reign of Jiajing in Ming （1558） in Zhangpu County. Although it has been destroyed， its stone inscribed board is well kept. Qiyun Tower， an elliptical building in Hua’an County， being clearly carved with “the 18th year of Wanli of Ming” （1590） on the stone inscribed board， is the oldest recorded round tulou known by people. In Hua’an County， there’re 7 tulous which have inscribed boards carved with the year of completion. And in Nanjing County， there’re 6， and in Zhangpu County， 5. Those tulous have been listed in Tulous in Fujian and analyzed with reliable documentary records. The birth year of Fujian tulou is most likely during the reign of Jiajing of Ming， and the harassing from Japanese pirates is the direct inducement of its emergence.
Fifthly， it discusses the new data of tulous’ total number. It is not strange that the Fujian tulou is difficult to be calculated for they are generally located in remote mountainous areas， being badly damaged in recent years and treated differently by different counties as well as being defined diversely. In order to find out their “exact details”， the author made investigations and researches in those counties that lack accurate statistical figures one by one according the topographic map with a proportion of ten thousandth thus obtaining a result that there’re 2，812 Fujian tulous in total， in which 1，341 are round buildings， 1，204 are square ones and 267 are deviant tulous. This latest statistical data can be regarded as pretty accurate.
Sixthly， it discusses the new concept of tulou protection. After being inscribed on the list of “World Heritage”， Fujian tulous confront three challenges：
The first challenge is that there’re still many distinctive tulous not inscribed on the list of “World Heritage” and their features are quite remarkable. Not listed as world heritages， and without any concerns or investment， they are facing severer damage and even annihilation in this rapidly-urbanized world. Those tulous need to be saved urgently.
The second challenge is that the tulous and tulou communities which have been inscribed on the list “World Heritage” are bearing amounts of visitors. Over-commercialized tourism development is dragging tulou communities down to a modern theme park， and the inner yards of tulous have become the “tourist souvenir supermarkets”. The primitive tulou life style is rarely seen and the traditional culture of tulous confronts crisis.
The third challenge is that as an activated cultural heritage， tulous shall be the houses of people. So how the ancient tulous adapt themselves to the need of modern life？ How to change and keep the villagers to avoid the tendency of “empty-villages”？
In the book of Tulous in Fujian， the author makes a preliminary discussion on solutions to the above challenges and raises a villager-oriented， government-leading， expert-guiding and villager-implementing idea of protection and comes up with constructive opinions to the protection and reform of tulous. Also， this book suggests turning the tulous in Shiqiao Village， Nanjing County into a museum， to promote the protection of tulou communities and realize the inheritance and development of tulou culture.