一个常识必须提及,市场经济最重要的征象之一,就是竞争。晚清最后几十年的商业发展,竞争已然成为一种常态,推动着一个古老的国家渐渐向市场化和近代化转型。大致的描述是这样的:1860年之后,中国沿海的出口、进口和航运贸易等领域竞争迅速加剧,不仅是一批在华外国商业企业之间的竞争,中国本土商人也迅速成为一支不可忽视的力量,加入到火热的商业竞争之中。 A common sense must be mentioned that one of the most important signs of a market economy is competition. In the last few decades of late Qing Dynasty, commercial development and competition have become a norm and an ancient country is gradually being transformed into a market-oriented and modernized country. The general description is as follows: After 1860, the competition in the export, import and shipping trade sectors of China’s coastal areas intensified rapidly. Not only was this a series of competition among foreign commercial enterprises in China, but also the Chinese local businessmen quickly became one that can not be ignored The power to join the fiery commercial competition.