论文部分内容阅读
定语从句在句中作定语，修饰句中的某一名词或代词（限制性定语从句），或主句的一部分或主句（非限制性定语从句），由关系词引导对中心词或主句的一部分或整个主句作修饰。
关系词按照它们在从句中所充当的成分可以分为关系代词和关系副词两种。关系代词有：which, that, who, whom, whose, as, but；关系副词有：when , where, why, as, that。
关系词在句中有三个方面的作用：
1. 连接。正像任何一个从句与主句之间都需要连接词一样，定语从句中起连接主句和从句作用的词就是关系词。虽然有时尤其是关系代词作宾语时可以省略关系词，但作为定语从句与主句的连接，关系词是必不可少的。
2. 在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词充当代词所能充当的成分，即作主语，宾语，表语或定语；其中，whom一般只作宾语，whose只作定语并表示所属关系，as用于such或same之后，but用于不定代词之后；关系副词在定语从句中只作状语；其中that用于先行词是way并且从句需要关系副词时（相当于in which）或在the time when等结构中代替when。
3. 代替先行词。先行词即被修饰的名词或代词。关系词代替先行词有三个层面的含义：
a. 代替先行词的意义。这就意味着关系词是没有自己固定的意义的（非限制性定语从句中的as和which往往译成“这”），它在句子中的意义由先行词决定。
b. 代替先行词的人称和数。关系词的人称和数由先行词决定，这一点在关系代词作定语从句的主语时尤其重要。如：He is a man who never leaves today’s work till tomorrow. All these books, which have been donated by visiting professors, are to be used by the postgraduates.
c. 定语从句中不会再出现先行词或指代先行词的代词。也就是说，如果一个从句中出现了先行词或指代先行词的代词，那么这个从句就不会是定语从句。如：This is such a difficult problem that no one can work it out .应该为一个such ... that结构中的结果状语从句；而This is such a difficult problem as no one can work out. 才是一个由as引导的定语从句。 再如：As we expect, he finished the work on time. 此句中我们就不能在expect后接上宾语it，否则就不是一个定语从句。
【练习】
1. The woman______ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers.
A. whose B. who C. whom D. which
2. Because of my poor memory, all______ you told me has been forgotten.
A. that B. which C. what D. as
3. Do you remember those days______ we spent along the seashore very happily?
A. when B. where C. which D. who
4. Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera______he lost last week.
A. which B. that C. whom D. as
5. Who is the woman______ is sweeping the floor over there?
A. who B. / C. that D. when
6. The man______ you talked just now is a worker.
A. who B. whom C. to whom D. to who
7. The doctor______ is leaving for Africa next month.
A. the nurse is talking to him
B. whom the nurse is talking
C. the nurse is talking to
D. who the nurse is talking
8. In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions______ were asked in French.
A. where B. who C. in which D. which
9. The foreign guests, ____ were government officials, were warmly welcomed at the airport.
A. most of them B. most of that
C. most of whom D. most of those
10. I know only a little about this matter; you may ask______ knows better than I.
A. whoever B. whomever C. anyone D. the one
11. This is the school______we visited three days ago.
A. where B. / C. when D. what
12. This is the factory______ we worked a year ago.
A. where B. that C. which D. on which
13. Nearby were two canoes______ they had come to the island.
A. which B. in which C. that D. /
14. Do you work near the building______ colour is yellow?
A. that B. which C. its D. whose
15. Is this school______ we visited three years ago?
A. the one B. which C. that D. where
16. Is this the school______ we visited three years ago?
A. the one B. where C. in which D. /
17. Alice received an invitation from her boss,______ came as a surprise.
A. it B. which C. that D. he
18. The train was crowded and I had to get into a carriage______ already seven other people.
A. when there were B. which there were
C. that there were D. where there were
19. — What game is popular with them?
— The______ most is tennis.
A. game they like it B. game they like
C. best game they like D. best game they like it
20. They stayed with me three weeks,______
they drank all the wine I had.
A. which B. which time
C. during the time D. during which
21. Don’t forget the day______ you were received into the Youth League.
A. when B. that C. at which D. where
22.______ is known to all, English is not very difficult to learn.
A. What B. As C. That D. Which
23. I have bought two pens,______ write well.
A. none of which B. neither of which
C. both of which D. all of which
24. He failed in the exam,______ proves that he wasn’t working hard enough.
A. which B. what C. it D. that
25. We should read such books______ will make us better and wiser.
A. when B. as C. whose D. what
26. I shall never forget those years______ I lived in the country with the farmers,______ has a great effect on my life.
A. that, which B. when, which
C. which, that D. when, who
27. I don’t like______ you speak to her.
A. the way B. the way in that
C. the way which D. the way of which
28. That is one of those books that______
worth reading.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
29. This is the only one of the students whose handwriting______ the best.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
30. There was______ to prevent the accident.
A. something could do
B. anything we could do
C. nothing we couldn’t do
D. nothing we could do
【参考答案】
1~5 BACDC 6~10 CCDCA 11~15 BABDA
16~20 DBDBD 21~25 ABCAB 26~30 BABAD
关系词按照它们在从句中所充当的成分可以分为关系代词和关系副词两种。关系代词有：which, that, who, whom, whose, as, but；关系副词有：when , where, why, as, that。
关系词在句中有三个方面的作用：
1. 连接。正像任何一个从句与主句之间都需要连接词一样，定语从句中起连接主句和从句作用的词就是关系词。虽然有时尤其是关系代词作宾语时可以省略关系词，但作为定语从句与主句的连接，关系词是必不可少的。
2. 在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词充当代词所能充当的成分，即作主语，宾语，表语或定语；其中，whom一般只作宾语，whose只作定语并表示所属关系，as用于such或same之后，but用于不定代词之后；关系副词在定语从句中只作状语；其中that用于先行词是way并且从句需要关系副词时（相当于in which）或在the time when等结构中代替when。
3. 代替先行词。先行词即被修饰的名词或代词。关系词代替先行词有三个层面的含义：
a. 代替先行词的意义。这就意味着关系词是没有自己固定的意义的（非限制性定语从句中的as和which往往译成“这”），它在句子中的意义由先行词决定。
b. 代替先行词的人称和数。关系词的人称和数由先行词决定，这一点在关系代词作定语从句的主语时尤其重要。如：He is a man who never leaves today’s work till tomorrow. All these books, which have been donated by visiting professors, are to be used by the postgraduates.
c. 定语从句中不会再出现先行词或指代先行词的代词。也就是说，如果一个从句中出现了先行词或指代先行词的代词，那么这个从句就不会是定语从句。如：This is such a difficult problem that no one can work it out .应该为一个such ... that结构中的结果状语从句；而This is such a difficult problem as no one can work out. 才是一个由as引导的定语从句。 再如：As we expect, he finished the work on time. 此句中我们就不能在expect后接上宾语it，否则就不是一个定语从句。
【练习】
1. The woman______ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers.
A. whose B. who C. whom D. which
2. Because of my poor memory, all______ you told me has been forgotten.
A. that B. which C. what D. as
3. Do you remember those days______ we spent along the seashore very happily?
A. when B. where C. which D. who
4. Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera______he lost last week.
A. which B. that C. whom D. as
5. Who is the woman______ is sweeping the floor over there?
A. who B. / C. that D. when
6. The man______ you talked just now is a worker.
A. who B. whom C. to whom D. to who
7. The doctor______ is leaving for Africa next month.
A. the nurse is talking to him
B. whom the nurse is talking
C. the nurse is talking to
D. who the nurse is talking
8. In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions______ were asked in French.
A. where B. who C. in which D. which
9. The foreign guests, ____ were government officials, were warmly welcomed at the airport.
A. most of them B. most of that
C. most of whom D. most of those
10. I know only a little about this matter; you may ask______ knows better than I.
A. whoever B. whomever C. anyone D. the one
11. This is the school______we visited three days ago.
A. where B. / C. when D. what
12. This is the factory______ we worked a year ago.
A. where B. that C. which D. on which
13. Nearby were two canoes______ they had come to the island.
A. which B. in which C. that D. /
14. Do you work near the building______ colour is yellow?
A. that B. which C. its D. whose
15. Is this school______ we visited three years ago?
A. the one B. which C. that D. where
16. Is this the school______ we visited three years ago?
A. the one B. where C. in which D. /
17. Alice received an invitation from her boss,______ came as a surprise.
A. it B. which C. that D. he
18. The train was crowded and I had to get into a carriage______ already seven other people.
A. when there were B. which there were
C. that there were D. where there were
19. — What game is popular with them?
— The______ most is tennis.
A. game they like it B. game they like
C. best game they like D. best game they like it
20. They stayed with me three weeks,______
they drank all the wine I had.
A. which B. which time
C. during the time D. during which
21. Don’t forget the day______ you were received into the Youth League.
A. when B. that C. at which D. where
22.______ is known to all, English is not very difficult to learn.
A. What B. As C. That D. Which
23. I have bought two pens,______ write well.
A. none of which B. neither of which
C. both of which D. all of which
24. He failed in the exam,______ proves that he wasn’t working hard enough.
A. which B. what C. it D. that
25. We should read such books______ will make us better and wiser.
A. when B. as C. whose D. what
26. I shall never forget those years______ I lived in the country with the farmers,______ has a great effect on my life.
A. that, which B. when, which
C. which, that D. when, who
27. I don’t like______ you speak to her.
A. the way B. the way in that
C. the way which D. the way of which
28. That is one of those books that______
worth reading.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
29. This is the only one of the students whose handwriting______ the best.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
30. There was______ to prevent the accident.
A. something could do
B. anything we could do
C. nothing we couldn’t do
D. nothing we could do
【参考答案】
1~5 BACDC 6~10 CCDCA 11~15 BABDA
16~20 DBDBD 21~25 ABCAB 26~30 BABAD