This paper discusses studies of the development of river conservancy in mod China,and the role of engineers-in-chief in river improvement planning on rivers such as the Hai-ho (Haihe) and the Whangpoo (Huangpu).It discusses the introduction of foreign hydraulic dredging technology and management into two major Chinese ports.It then analyses the process by which two agencies of the Chinese govment absorbed and adjusted this technology to suit local circumstances in the treaty ports of Tianjin and Shanghai beginning in the 1890s.Without prior experience in river conservancy,the conservancy boards adopted a range of foreign technologies.This allowed them to develop into major institutions that facilitated increasing trade flows between China and the rest of the world.Of particular significance in this process of technological change was the role of the expatriate engineers-in-chief who were employed as chief executive officers of both agencies.They were responsible for establishing the operations of the agencies,accommodating an increasing range of responsibilities such as financial and human resource management,and training Chinese engineers and managers for senior positions until they were ready to replace the expatriate engineers-in-chief after the 1930s.