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为了更好地帮助读者学习国际经济英语,从本期开始,我们将对各期短文中提及的国际经济知识,作一些背景介绍。上期介绍的国际收支是一种记账概念。各国的经济、政治、文化等交往势必导致国与国发生货币收支,即债权债务关系。讲通俗一些,会发生资金的流入与流出。当资金流入大于流出,也就是收大于支时,称为国际收支顺差;反之,则是国际收支逆差。国际间的这种债权债务关系必须在一定的时间内进行清偿,也就是说,国际收支逆差必须进行清偿,目前是用特别提款权来进行清偿。而以前,人们一般用黄金、外汇来清偿逆差。由于黄金数量不足,国际货币基金组织创立了“特别提款权”。因此,特别提款权是由国际货币基金组织为弥补其成员国储备金不足而创立的,它与黄金、外汇一样,共同构成成员国的国际储备资产,故有“纸黄金”(Paper Gold)之称。但是,使用特别提款权是有条件的,即特别提款权只能用于成员国之间的结算,只能用于清偿国际收支的逆差,而不能用作贸易或劳务方面的支付。
In order to better help readers learn the English language of international economy, from the beginning of this issue, we will give some background introduction to the international economic knowledge mentioned in the essays. The balance of payments introduced in the previous period is a concept of bookkeeping. The economic, political, and cultural interactions of various countries will inevitably lead to state-to-state currency receipts and payments, that is, the relationship between debt and debt. Speaking of generality, there will be capital inflows and outflows. When the capital inflow is greater than the outflow, that is, when the income is greater than the support, it is called the international balance of payments surplus; otherwise, it is the balance of payments deficit. The international creditor’s rights and debts relationship must be repaid within a certain period of time. In other words, the international balance of payments deficit must be repaid. Currently, the special drawing rights are used to pay off. In the past, people generally used gold and foreign exchange to pay off their deficits. Due to the shortage of gold, the International Monetary Fund created the “Special Drawing Rights”. Therefore, the special drawing rights are created by the International Monetary Fund to make up for the shortage of reserves of its member states. Like the gold and foreign exchange, the special drawing rights together constitute the international reserve assets of the member countries. Therefore, the paper money has a paper gold Gold). However, the use of special drawing rights is conditional on the fact that SDRs can only be used for settlements between member states and can only be used to pay off the balance of international payments, and cannot be used as a payment for trade or labor services.