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关于文化的定义,学术界众说纷纭,不一而足。文化即社会,社会即文化,此一说。如果说社会是由一群特定生活方式的人组成的,那么文化就是生活方式,此又一说。亚当·库珀和杰西卡·库珀主编《社会科学百科全书》(上海译文出版社,1989):“文化就是一个民族的生活方式。文化由思想和行为的习惯模式所组成,文化包括价值、信仰、行为规范、政治组织、经济活动等等,这些是通过学习而不是通过生物的遗传来代代相传的。”从中科院《创新文化建设研究实施方案》来看,“文化”一词似指科学活动的环境或氛围,尤其是指精神环境或理智氛围,还可能包括科学活动中的精神成分或意识形态成分。创新文化,同知识创新一道,可否相当于说知识综合体的重建?这里,知识综合体当然既包括科学知识,也包括人文知识,是科学知识与人文知识的综合体。在这种理解下,我们先考察一下中国文化的演化。中国,向来以她悠久的文明历史而著称于世界,中国是世界上首先过渡到封建制度的国家,大约要比欧洲早近千年。中
On the definition of culture, there are many different opinions in academia. Culture is society, society is culture, this one said. If society is made up of a group of people with a particular way of life, then culture is the way of life, another saying. Adam Cooper and Jessica Cooper, eds., Encyclopedia of Social Sciences (Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 1989): “Culture is a national way of life. Culture consists of the customary patterns of thought and behavior. Culture includes Values, beliefs, code of conduct, political organization, economic activities, etc., which are passed on from generation to generation through learning rather than through biological inheritance. ”From the CAS Implementation Study of Innovative Culture Construction, "The term may refer to the environment or atmosphere of scientific activity, especially to the mental environment or intellectual climate, and may also include spiritual or ideological components of scientific activities. Innovation culture, together with knowledge innovation, can be equivalent to the reconstruction of knowledge complex? Here, of course, the knowledge complex includes both scientific knowledge and humanistic knowledge, and is a combination of scientific knowledge and humanistic knowledge. In this understanding, let us first examine the evolution of Chinese culture. China has always been known in the world for her long history of civilization. China is the first country in the world to transition to feudalism, about a millennium ahead of Europe. in