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空间水溶液晶体生长是通过搭载人造卫星、宇宙飞船和空间站等飞行器,在微重力条件下从水溶液中进行晶体生长实验。许多透明单晶体,诸如:KDP(磷酸二氢钾,potassium dihydrogen phosphate)、ADP(磷酸二氢铵,ammonium dihydrogen phosphate)、TGS(硫酸三甘氨酸,triglycinesulfate)、沸石和α-碘酸锂(α-LiIO3)等无机非线性光学晶体,尿素等有机非线性光学晶体以及蛋白质等生物晶体,均可采用水溶液法生长。美国、前苏联、西欧和日本等国在从事空间材料科学研究的高科技发展计划中,均把水溶液晶体生长作为一项重要项目。由于水溶液晶体生长方法的研究在地面上已有丰富的基础,而且具有温度低,能耗小,可实现原位实时观察等优点,所以,它是探索空间晶体生长原理和方法、研究晶体生长微重力效应的重要材料制备技术。由于空间晶体生长受搭载条件限制,空间实验的次数与地面相比是十分稀少的,为了获得空间实验的高成功率,在地面上必须建立相应的实验基地,开展深入的地基研究工作。本文将分别从空间实验和地基研究两个方面作系列介绍,包括蛋白质晶体,沸石晶体,α-LiIO3晶体的空间生长以及TGS,NaClO3(sodium chlorate,氯酸钠),Sr(NO3)2(strontium nitrate,硝酸鍶)和Ba(NO3)2(barium nitrate,硝酸钡)等晶体生长过程的原位实时观察,并展望了空间晶体生长的发展前景。
The space crystal growth of aqueous solution is carried out from the aqueous solution under the conditions of microgravity through the carrying of spacecraft and other satellites, such as satellites, spacecraft and so on. Many transparent single crystals, such as: KDP (potassium dihydrogen phosphate), ADP (ammonium dihydrogen phosphate), TGS (triglycinesulfate), zeolite and lithium alpha- ) And other inorganic non-linear optical crystals, organic nonlinear optical crystals such as urea and protein and other biological crystals, can be grown by aqueous solution. The United States, the former Soviet Union, Western Europe and Japan and other countries engaged in space materials science research high-tech development plan, the crystal growth of aqueous solution as an important project. The research on the method of crystal growth in aqueous solution has many advantages such as low temperature, low energy consumption and real-time in-situ observation. Therefore, it is a good way to explore the principle and method of crystal growth in space. Gravity effect of the important material preparation technology. Because space crystal growth is limited by the loading conditions, the number of space experiments is very scarce compared with the ground. In order to obtain a high success rate of space experiments, a corresponding experimental base must be established on the ground to conduct in-depth groundwork research. This article will introduce the space experiment and groundwork research respectively, including the crystal growth of protein crystal, zeolite crystal and α-LiIO3 crystal as well as the growth of TGS, sodium chlorate (NaClO3), Sr (NO3) 2 nitrate and strontium nitrate) and Ba (NO3) 2 (barium nitrate) were investigated in situ. The development prospects of space crystal growth were also prospected.