Inspired by recent environmental historical studies on animal extinctions and human-animal relations,this paper shifts scholarly attention from the plague-centered narrative of the great Pneumonic Plague Epidemics (1910-11) to the fate of the plague host animals,Tarbaganmarmots (Marmota sibirica),and examines their near-extinction in Northwest Manchuria (Hulunbuir) from the 1900s to 1930s.Focusing on changing images of Tarbagan marmots from "inexpensive," "sacred," and "beneficial" in the pre-modem period to "valuable," "dangerous," and "noxious" in the early twentieth century,it argues that three interrelated factors:the international fur trade,pneumonic plagues,and environment changes together resulted in the "retreat of the marmots." It also uses this case study to help us better understand larger historical changes that occurred by contextualizing them in terms of human-marmot relations in Manchuria,China and beyond.