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综观近几年的高考英语阅读题,尽管推断题目的出现率呈不断上升的趋势,但细节题仍然占有较大比例,而且已由过去简单的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查同学们对英语语言的理解能力,因此难度比往年有所增加｡本文将以高考中出现的具有典型意义的实例来总结点拨此类题目的特点､解题思路及技巧｡
一､考查要点及命题特点和形式
高考细节理解题主要考查考生对文章(或某一段落)中某一些特定细节或文章的重要事实的理解能力,一般包括直接理解题(在原文中可直接找到答案)及语义转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换,两者存在表达上的差异,有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论｡)细节题常有以下几种考查方式:
1.以who, what, when, where, why等疑问词开头提问;
2.猜测文中划线词或短语的意义,或句意转换理解;
3.就文中具体内容进行简单计算､排序､识图等;
4.以according to the text / passage, from the text / passage等开头,考查某一细节｡
此类题型主要有以下三种设问形式
1. 疑问句式
When / Where did the story happen?
Which of the following people should (not) do?
Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?
2. 不完整的陈述句式
They can be best classified as _________________.
According to the author,“it” was caused by ___________.
3. 排除句式
Which of the following statements is (not) correct?
Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?
All the statements are true except _______________.
二､解题思路与技巧
“细节题”是针对文中某个细节､某句话或某部分的具体内容设置问题,答案根据一定可以在原文中找到,即原文的改写往往成为正确选项｡
通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征
1.对原文句子中的关键词进行替换｡把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词,成为正确选项｡
2.词性或者语态的变化｡把原文中的一些词变换一下词性,或者改变原文句子的语态,给考生制造障碍｡
3.语言简化｡把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化,成为正确答案｡
4.正话反说｡把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项(适用于寻找错误选项的题目)｡
干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题,若不仔细辨别,很容易把它当成正确选项｡
通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征
1.将原文内容扩大或缩小｡把原文中的限定词去掉或替换,使该选项看似正确,实际上却是错误选项｡
2.把未然当已然｡改变文中某句话的时态,如把将来时变成现在时,把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情｡
3.无中生有｡即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论,而文中并未涉及｡
4.偷换概念｡把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”,所述细节确实与原文一致,一不小心就会误选｡
5.文不对题｡这类题最不容易辨别,选项中的描述与原文完全一致,确属原文中的一个细节,这时要回到题干,看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题｡
下面结合最新高考试题,就细节题的不同类型加以解读｡
(一)直接信息题
对此类题型,考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词,然后以此为线索,运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节,找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍,仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别,在准确理解细节的前提下,最后确定最佳答案｡
【例】
What do we know about James Kennedy? (2007年山东卷A篇,57)
A. He was a writer of an online magazine.
B. He was a poet at the University of Florida.
C. He offered the author a new house free of charge.
D. He learned about the author’s sufferings via
e-mail.
【点拨】该题目中的关键词是James Kennedy,以James Kennedy为线索快速查阅原文,可在第三段找到James Kennedy的信息:We’d begun to accept that we’d have to live in extremely reduced circumstances for a while, when I got a very curious e-mail from a James Kennedy in California. He’d read some pieces I’d written about our sufferings for Slate, the online magazine, and wanted to give us (“no conditions attached”) a new house across the lake from New Orleans.
从该段文字可知,James Kennedy从网络杂志上读到作者所写的遭受飓风的痛苦,非常同情,决定“无条件地”赠送他一套新房子｡注意“no conditions attached”与free of charge语义上的转换｡答案为C｡
What do we know about Reading Recovery? (2007年山东卷B篇,62)
A. An evaluation of it will be made sometime this year.
B. Weak readers on the project were the most hardworking.
C. It aims to train special teachers to help children with reading.
D. Children on the project showed noticeable progress in reading.
【点拨】该题目中的关键词是Reading Recovery,以Reading Recovery为线索快速查阅原文,可在第四段找到的Reading Recovery信息:Reading Recovery is aimed at six-year-olds, who receive four months of individual daily half-hour classes with a specially trained teacher. An evaluation earlier this year reported that children on the scheme made 20 months’ progress in just one year, whereas similarly weak readers without special help made just five months’ progress, and so ended the year even further below the level expected for their age.
从该段第二句话可以知道,年初的评估报告显示,参加该方案实验的孩子仅仅用一年的时间完成了需要20个月才能取得的进步,而对比不接受这种特殊帮助的孩子只取得了相当于5个月的进步｡可见参加Reading Recovery这一项目的孩子在阅读上所取得的进步是明显的｡答案为D｡
(二)间接信息题
做这类题目时,考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理,然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别,这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型,对考生来说有一定难度｡
【例】
Why was the bike so important to the couple? (2007全国卷I,A篇,56)
A. The man’s job was bike racing.
B. It was their only possession.
C. It was a nice Kona 18 speed.
D. They used it for work and daily life.
【点拨】从文章第二段“The bike, a black Kona 18 speed, was our only transport. Trevor used it to get to work, putting in 60-hour weeks to support his young family. And the bike was also used to get groceries(食品杂货),saving us from having to walk long distances from where we live.”可以看出,这辆自行车对Trevor一家非常重要,Trevor每天骑着它去上班,为了养家糊口每周工作60个小时,还用于购买食品杂货作代步之用｡从这些零散的信息我们可以抽象概括出D项答案They used it for work and daily life.
(三)信息综合类
此类题目的信息不仅仅涉及文章的某一句话,还可能涉及文章的某一个段落,它们散落在文章的不同地方｡这就要求考生把原文所提供的信息综合起来加以分析,而不能“断章取义”,更不能“张冠李戴”｡
【例】
What do we know about the open spaces in the passage? (2007重庆卷,D篇,69)
A. They result from the destruction of rain forests.
B. They provide food mainly for African elephants.
C. They are home to many endangered animals.
D. They are attractive to plant-eating animals of different kinds.
【点拨】本题四个选项涉及到对文章的第二､三､四段中的信息的综合处理｡请看原文:
The African elephant, the largest land animal remaining on earth, is of great importance to African ecosystem(生态系统). Unlike other animals, the African elephant is to a great extent the builder of its environment. As a big plant-eater, it largely shapes the forest-and-savanna(大草原) surroundings in which it lives, therefore setting the terms of existence for millions of other animals that live in its habitat (栖息地).
It is the elephant’s great desire for food that makes it a disturber of the environment and an important builder of its habitat. In its continuous search for the 300 pounds of plants it must have every day, it kills small trees and under bushes, and pulls branches off big trees. This results in numerous open spaces in both deep tropical forests and in the woodlands that cover part of the African savannas. In these open spaces are numerous plants in various stages of growth that attract a variety of other plant-eaters.
Take the rain forests for example. In their natural state, the spreading branches overhead shut out sunlight and prevent the growth of plants on the forest floor. By pulling down trees and eating plants, elephants make open spaces, allowing new plants to grow on the forest floor. In such situations, the forests become suitable for large hoofed plant-eaters to move around and for small plant-eaters to get their food as well.
What worries scientists now is that the African elephant has become an endangered species. If the elephant disappears, scientists say, many other animals will also disappear from vast areas of forest and savanna, greatly changing and worsening the whole ecosystem.
A项貌似正确,其实在概念上扩大了外延,此处的空地指的是大象进食后所造成的;B项将概念缩小了,从第二段最后一句和第三段可知,这些空地不仅给非洲象提供食物,还给其它各种各样的食草动物提供了食物;C项以偏盖全,第四段中只提到非洲象成了一种濒危物种,而没有说到这些空地来的许多动物都是濒危物种;综合各段,D项是正确选项,这些空地由于大象的“破坏”,使得各种不同高度,不同种类的植物得以生长,吸引了不同种类的食草动物｡
【实战演练】
A
Most people who enjoy movies do not really care how they are made. They just want to enjoy a good story. Movie producer and director George Lucas wants people to see the best made movies. So, his latest movie Star Wars was made without using film.
Star Wars was made using digital cameras. A digital camera does not use traditional film. It captures images on videotape. The images recorded on videotape are the placed in a computer.
George Lucas says that using digital cameras permits him to have much more control over the final product. For example, the image can be changed after it is placed in a computer. An expert can change color, add or take out objects, add people or beings who are not real. Much of what is seen in the new movie Star Wars is not real. Huge buildings, spacecraft and alien beings from other worlds were produced in a computer.
Movie experts say digital technology is the real future of the motion picture industry. A theater will no longer have to wait days or weeks to show a new movie. Theaters will be able to receive copies of new movies by linking computers. Or they will use small computer disks to get a copy of the movie.
When the new movie Star Wars was released last month, only 94 theaters around the world had the digital equipment needed to show it. So Mr. Lucas’ company produced about 6,000 copies of the new digital movie on traditional film for release in most theaters. However, most people who have seen the movie say these film copies are of much better quality than other filmed movies.
Critics say the new digital technology is very costly. Many theater owners will not buy the new technology, yet many of the people who worked on the new movie Star Wars say they would not like to work with film again. They said using digital equipment was faster, and videotape is much less costly than film. One cameraman said the director of a movie can immediately see what was just recorded, something impossible to do with film.
1. According to George Lucas, what makes the best made movies possible?
A. A good story. B. Film.
C. Digital cameras. D. Videotape.
2. Which is NOT true for the real future of the motion picture industry, according to movie experts?
A. Linking computers for copies of new movies.
B. Showing filmed movies in theaters.
C. Using small computer disks to get a copy of the movie.
D. Having the digital equipment needed to show the movie.
3. According to the passage, which is true about the new movie Star Wars?
A. There are about 6,000 copies of the new digital movie.
B. It has been shown in only 94 theaters around the world.
C. It is the best among filmed movies.
D. It is the product of the new digital technology.
4. Which of the following is NOT the advantages of the new digital movie?
A. The director can have the objects and people added or taken out.
B. It will be more convenient for theaters to get such kind of new movies.
C. People all agree that the new digital movies are less costly than the filmed movies.
D. The director can monitor the recording and check what was recorded just now.
B
As the US wakes up to China’s rising status as an economic and strategic competitor, US parents are urging their children to learn Chinese, reports Julian Borger.
The US is being swept by a rush to learn Mandarin—from wealthy New York mothers hiring Chinese nannies(保姆)for their small children to a defence department education project in Oregon.
The forces driving Mandarin’s momentum(势头)are parental ambition for children facing a future in which China is almost certain to be a major player, and the government is worried about that America may get left behind in that new world.
The bottleneck is the supply of teachers. Mandarin instructors are difficult to import and difficult to train. There are visa problems in bringing over teachers from China but the biggest barrier is cultural. Teaching in Asia is generally done by rote and the change to western, interactive styles of instruction can be a large leap.
On the other hand, it requires enormous firmness for westerners to learn a language like Chinese, with its thousands of written characters. According to the Asia Society in New York, all of America’s teacher-training institutions turn out only a couple of dozen homegrown Mandarin teachers.
One way to ease the shortage is to find native Mandarin speakers and use fast-track methods to train them. However, the majority of Chinese-Americans grew up speaking Cantonese, the dialect spoken in Hong Kong, where their parents came from. Many are themselves signing on as Mandarin students at the private language schools springing up on the west coast.
1. Why are US parents so eager to make their children learn Mandarin?
A. They are urged by the government to do so.
B. They are afraid to be left behind by other parents.
C. They believe China will play a major role in the future world.
D. They are just carried away by Mandarin’s momentum.
2. The underlined word “rote” in the 4th paragraph probably refers to a teaching pattern which.
A. focuses on memory work
B. allows the students to think independently
C. is centered on interactive skills
D. puts much emphasis on examinations
3. What is the main problem in the Mandarin’s momentum in the US?
A. The lack of qualified teachers.
B. The cultural barrier between the east and west.
C. The Americans’ lack of firmness.
D. The many written Chinese characters.
C
About The New Yorker:
The New Yorker is the eclectic magazine for readers interested in the arts, current events, and culture. The New Yorker includes articles on domestic and international news, exploring current ideas and trends, plus sports, fashion, and entertainment events. In addition, The New Yorker is well known for publishing outstanding short fiction and cartoons with an ironic twist.
About Playboy:
Playboy is a magazine of literature, political thought, sports, commentary and humor. Although Playboy is most well known for its pictorials of beautiful women, it is also highly regarded for its interviews and fiction writing. Playboy includes regular feature articles on finance, sports, entertainment, self-improvement, technology, and psychology. You must be 18 or older to order Playboy.
About Nickelodeon:
Nickelodeon is filled with wonderful entertainment for children. It is wholesome, imaginative, and truly from a child’s point of view. Nickelodeon sees the world from your child’s perspective, where it’s fun to laugh-to think-to do-to learn. Share the award-winning entertainment and humor magazine from Nickelodeon with your kids.
About Lucky:
Lucky is the ultimate shopping magazine with the best looks, the best buys, and the best trends before they hit the stores. But what makes really unique is all the detailed information you’ll get on how to purchase the merchandise you’ll find. Lucky provides you with 800 numbers, web site addresses, and more to make your shopping experience easy and convenient! Lucky is your one-stop shopping guide to all the greatest new products on the market. What’s more, it provides wonderful entertainment for women.
1. Which magazine gives buyers the largest price advantage in percentage?
A. The New Yorker B. Playboy
C. Nickelodeon D. Lucky
2. If you are a housewife, which magazine will you probably buy?
A. The New Yorker B. Playboy
C. Nickelodeon D. Lucky
3. If you are asked to choose a magazine for a little boy, which one do you think is suitable?
A. The New Yorker B. Playboy
C. Nickelodeon D. Lucky
4. What information is contained in all the four magazines?
A. SportsB. NewsC. EntertainmentD. Trends
5. For each issue, which magazine is the cheapest according to the advertisement?
A. The New Yorker B. Playboy
C. Nickelodeon D. Lucky
D
Happiness pays off, studies show.
Psychologists seeking the real secrets of happiness report that very happy people tend to be more extroverted and agreeable than less happy people.
“Our findings suggest that very happy people have rich and satisfying social relationships and spend little time alone relative to average people,” write psychologists Ed Diener and Martin E.P. Seligman in the journal Psychological Science.
Solid social relationships do not promise happiness, but they are an important contributing factor. The very happy people whom the authors studied all said they had good quality social relationships. However, the authors write, there is no single key to high happiness. “High happiness seems to be like beautiful symphonic(交响乐)music—including many instruments, without any one being enough for the beautiful quality.”
Diener regards happiness as “subjective (主观的) well-being” ―in other words, the person evaluates(评估)his or her own quality of life. The question to ask is, “Is my life going well,according to the standards I choose to use?” If the answer is “yes”, then that person is judged to be happy.
Because people evaluate their lives based on happiness,“subjective well-being is very important. Though necessary, it is not enough for having a good life. Subjective well-being “seems quite necessary for the good society, although it is not enough for that society because there are other things we also value and would want in such a place,” says Diener.
Can subjective well-being be measured scientifically? Diener points out three parts contributing to happiness: pleasant emotions and moods, lack of negative emotions and moods, and satisfaction judgment, to which other factors—including cheerfulness and feelings of fulfillment—may be added.
There is no magic formula(公式)for happiness. Diener suggests steps you can take to ensure you are as happy as you can be. Surrounding yourself with good friends and family—people who care about you and whom you care about — is a start. Joining in activities you enjoy and value is also important; whether it’s work or play, keeping busy in an environment enjoyable to you will contribute much to your subjective well-being. In addition, a healthy outlook is necessary.
1. The underlined word “extroverted” probably means______.
A. pleasant and social B. hard-working and active
C. careful and shy D. warm-hearted and helpful
2. Happiness and symphonic music are common in that __________.
A. they are both something beautiful
B. they both make people feel pleased
C. they both depend on more than one factor
D. they are both hard to achieve
3. According to Diener, a person can be judged to be happy when he ______.
A. has rich social relationships
B. spends more time with other people
C. lives a quality life
D. thinks his life is going well according to the standards he chooses to use
4. Which of the following does not belong to components contributing to happiness?
A. Pleasant moods.B. Negative emotions.
C. Satisfaction judgment. D. feelings of fulfillment.
【解析】
A
1. C｡直接信息题｡根据第一､二段内容可知,拍摄一部优秀电影的关键是数码摄像机｡
2. B｡间接信息题｡根据文章内容,其它三项都是未来采用数码摄像机后可能会出现的情况,B项仍然是传统模式｡
3. D｡综合信息题｡A项“偷换概念”,原文中说的6,000份是把Star Wars翻制成普通胶片电影;B项中说只在全世界94家影院放映也犯了“偷换概念”的错误,原文中说世界上只有94家影院有放映数字电影的设备,但接着又说生产了6,000份普通胶片的电影供更多的影院放映｡C项“无中生有”,原文中并没有提到;D项符合原文信息｡
4. C｡综合信息题｡只有C项与原文不符,对数字化电影的花费问题有两种不同的声音,反对者认为这种新技术费用昂贵｡
B
1. C｡直接信息题｡从文章第三段“parental ambition for children facing a future in which China is almost certain to be a major player”可得出答案｡
2. A｡词义猜测题｡从文章第四段西方互动教学方式与东方教学方式的对比关系中可得到答案,西方注重师生互动,东方注重记忆｡故选A｡
3. A｡直接信息题｡从文章第四段第一句话The bottleneck is the supply of teachers.可得到答案｡
C
1. B｡数字计算题｡通过计算可知,Playboy这份杂志读者享受的折扣最大｡
2. D｡直接信息题｡Lucky是一本关于购物的杂志,而且最后提到为妇女提供精彩的娱乐,因此最适合妇女阅读｡
3. C｡直接信息题｡快速查寻About Nickelodeon 可知这是一本适合儿童阅读的杂志｡
4. C｡直接信息题｡快速查寻四本杂志的广告可知都含有Entertainment方面的内容｡
5. A｡数字计算题｡通过计算可知,The New Yorker每期仅1美元,是四种杂志中每期最便宜的杂志｡
D
1. A｡词义猜测题｡从后面的agreeable(随和的)判断,此处词义为“外向的”,与A项最接近｡
2. C｡间接信息题｡概括文章第四段可以得出答案:幸福和交响乐都不是单一成分组成的,而是取决于很多因素｡
3. D｡间接信息题｡从文章第五段可得出答案:幸福是一个人的一种感觉,以自己选择的标准来衡量自己是否幸福｡
4. B｡间接信息题｡从文章倒数第二段可知,不能构成幸福的显然是“消极情绪”｡
一､考查要点及命题特点和形式
高考细节理解题主要考查考生对文章(或某一段落)中某一些特定细节或文章的重要事实的理解能力,一般包括直接理解题(在原文中可直接找到答案)及语义转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换,两者存在表达上的差异,有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论｡)细节题常有以下几种考查方式:
1.以who, what, when, where, why等疑问词开头提问;
2.猜测文中划线词或短语的意义,或句意转换理解;
3.就文中具体内容进行简单计算､排序､识图等;
4.以according to the text / passage, from the text / passage等开头,考查某一细节｡
此类题型主要有以下三种设问形式
1. 疑问句式
When / Where did the story happen?
Which of the following people should (not) do?
Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?
2. 不完整的陈述句式
They can be best classified as _________________.
According to the author,“it” was caused by ___________.
3. 排除句式
Which of the following statements is (not) correct?
Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?
All the statements are true except _______________.
二､解题思路与技巧
“细节题”是针对文中某个细节､某句话或某部分的具体内容设置问题,答案根据一定可以在原文中找到,即原文的改写往往成为正确选项｡
通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征
1.对原文句子中的关键词进行替换｡把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词,成为正确选项｡
2.词性或者语态的变化｡把原文中的一些词变换一下词性,或者改变原文句子的语态,给考生制造障碍｡
3.语言简化｡把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化,成为正确答案｡
4.正话反说｡把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项(适用于寻找错误选项的题目)｡
干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题,若不仔细辨别,很容易把它当成正确选项｡
通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征
1.将原文内容扩大或缩小｡把原文中的限定词去掉或替换,使该选项看似正确,实际上却是错误选项｡
2.把未然当已然｡改变文中某句话的时态,如把将来时变成现在时,把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情｡
3.无中生有｡即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论,而文中并未涉及｡
4.偷换概念｡把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”,所述细节确实与原文一致,一不小心就会误选｡
5.文不对题｡这类题最不容易辨别,选项中的描述与原文完全一致,确属原文中的一个细节,这时要回到题干,看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题｡
下面结合最新高考试题,就细节题的不同类型加以解读｡
(一)直接信息题
对此类题型,考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词,然后以此为线索,运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节,找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍,仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别,在准确理解细节的前提下,最后确定最佳答案｡
【例】
What do we know about James Kennedy? (2007年山东卷A篇,57)
A. He was a writer of an online magazine.
B. He was a poet at the University of Florida.
C. He offered the author a new house free of charge.
D. He learned about the author’s sufferings via
e-mail.
【点拨】该题目中的关键词是James Kennedy,以James Kennedy为线索快速查阅原文,可在第三段找到James Kennedy的信息:We’d begun to accept that we’d have to live in extremely reduced circumstances for a while, when I got a very curious e-mail from a James Kennedy in California. He’d read some pieces I’d written about our sufferings for Slate, the online magazine, and wanted to give us (“no conditions attached”) a new house across the lake from New Orleans.
从该段文字可知,James Kennedy从网络杂志上读到作者所写的遭受飓风的痛苦,非常同情,决定“无条件地”赠送他一套新房子｡注意“no conditions attached”与free of charge语义上的转换｡答案为C｡
What do we know about Reading Recovery? (2007年山东卷B篇,62)
A. An evaluation of it will be made sometime this year.
B. Weak readers on the project were the most hardworking.
C. It aims to train special teachers to help children with reading.
D. Children on the project showed noticeable progress in reading.
【点拨】该题目中的关键词是Reading Recovery,以Reading Recovery为线索快速查阅原文,可在第四段找到的Reading Recovery信息:Reading Recovery is aimed at six-year-olds, who receive four months of individual daily half-hour classes with a specially trained teacher. An evaluation earlier this year reported that children on the scheme made 20 months’ progress in just one year, whereas similarly weak readers without special help made just five months’ progress, and so ended the year even further below the level expected for their age.
从该段第二句话可以知道,年初的评估报告显示,参加该方案实验的孩子仅仅用一年的时间完成了需要20个月才能取得的进步,而对比不接受这种特殊帮助的孩子只取得了相当于5个月的进步｡可见参加Reading Recovery这一项目的孩子在阅读上所取得的进步是明显的｡答案为D｡
(二)间接信息题
做这类题目时,考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理,然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别,这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型,对考生来说有一定难度｡
【例】
Why was the bike so important to the couple? (2007全国卷I,A篇,56)
A. The man’s job was bike racing.
B. It was their only possession.
C. It was a nice Kona 18 speed.
D. They used it for work and daily life.
【点拨】从文章第二段“The bike, a black Kona 18 speed, was our only transport. Trevor used it to get to work, putting in 60-hour weeks to support his young family. And the bike was also used to get groceries(食品杂货),saving us from having to walk long distances from where we live.”可以看出,这辆自行车对Trevor一家非常重要,Trevor每天骑着它去上班,为了养家糊口每周工作60个小时,还用于购买食品杂货作代步之用｡从这些零散的信息我们可以抽象概括出D项答案They used it for work and daily life.
(三)信息综合类
此类题目的信息不仅仅涉及文章的某一句话,还可能涉及文章的某一个段落,它们散落在文章的不同地方｡这就要求考生把原文所提供的信息综合起来加以分析,而不能“断章取义”,更不能“张冠李戴”｡
【例】
What do we know about the open spaces in the passage? (2007重庆卷,D篇,69)
A. They result from the destruction of rain forests.
B. They provide food mainly for African elephants.
C. They are home to many endangered animals.
D. They are attractive to plant-eating animals of different kinds.
【点拨】本题四个选项涉及到对文章的第二､三､四段中的信息的综合处理｡请看原文:
The African elephant, the largest land animal remaining on earth, is of great importance to African ecosystem(生态系统). Unlike other animals, the African elephant is to a great extent the builder of its environment. As a big plant-eater, it largely shapes the forest-and-savanna(大草原) surroundings in which it lives, therefore setting the terms of existence for millions of other animals that live in its habitat (栖息地).
It is the elephant’s great desire for food that makes it a disturber of the environment and an important builder of its habitat. In its continuous search for the 300 pounds of plants it must have every day, it kills small trees and under bushes, and pulls branches off big trees. This results in numerous open spaces in both deep tropical forests and in the woodlands that cover part of the African savannas. In these open spaces are numerous plants in various stages of growth that attract a variety of other plant-eaters.
Take the rain forests for example. In their natural state, the spreading branches overhead shut out sunlight and prevent the growth of plants on the forest floor. By pulling down trees and eating plants, elephants make open spaces, allowing new plants to grow on the forest floor. In such situations, the forests become suitable for large hoofed plant-eaters to move around and for small plant-eaters to get their food as well.
What worries scientists now is that the African elephant has become an endangered species. If the elephant disappears, scientists say, many other animals will also disappear from vast areas of forest and savanna, greatly changing and worsening the whole ecosystem.
A项貌似正确,其实在概念上扩大了外延,此处的空地指的是大象进食后所造成的;B项将概念缩小了,从第二段最后一句和第三段可知,这些空地不仅给非洲象提供食物,还给其它各种各样的食草动物提供了食物;C项以偏盖全,第四段中只提到非洲象成了一种濒危物种,而没有说到这些空地来的许多动物都是濒危物种;综合各段,D项是正确选项,这些空地由于大象的“破坏”,使得各种不同高度,不同种类的植物得以生长,吸引了不同种类的食草动物｡
【实战演练】
A
Most people who enjoy movies do not really care how they are made. They just want to enjoy a good story. Movie producer and director George Lucas wants people to see the best made movies. So, his latest movie Star Wars was made without using film.
Star Wars was made using digital cameras. A digital camera does not use traditional film. It captures images on videotape. The images recorded on videotape are the placed in a computer.
George Lucas says that using digital cameras permits him to have much more control over the final product. For example, the image can be changed after it is placed in a computer. An expert can change color, add or take out objects, add people or beings who are not real. Much of what is seen in the new movie Star Wars is not real. Huge buildings, spacecraft and alien beings from other worlds were produced in a computer.
Movie experts say digital technology is the real future of the motion picture industry. A theater will no longer have to wait days or weeks to show a new movie. Theaters will be able to receive copies of new movies by linking computers. Or they will use small computer disks to get a copy of the movie.
When the new movie Star Wars was released last month, only 94 theaters around the world had the digital equipment needed to show it. So Mr. Lucas’ company produced about 6,000 copies of the new digital movie on traditional film for release in most theaters. However, most people who have seen the movie say these film copies are of much better quality than other filmed movies.
Critics say the new digital technology is very costly. Many theater owners will not buy the new technology, yet many of the people who worked on the new movie Star Wars say they would not like to work with film again. They said using digital equipment was faster, and videotape is much less costly than film. One cameraman said the director of a movie can immediately see what was just recorded, something impossible to do with film.
1. According to George Lucas, what makes the best made movies possible?
A. A good story. B. Film.
C. Digital cameras. D. Videotape.
2. Which is NOT true for the real future of the motion picture industry, according to movie experts?
A. Linking computers for copies of new movies.
B. Showing filmed movies in theaters.
C. Using small computer disks to get a copy of the movie.
D. Having the digital equipment needed to show the movie.
3. According to the passage, which is true about the new movie Star Wars?
A. There are about 6,000 copies of the new digital movie.
B. It has been shown in only 94 theaters around the world.
C. It is the best among filmed movies.
D. It is the product of the new digital technology.
4. Which of the following is NOT the advantages of the new digital movie?
A. The director can have the objects and people added or taken out.
B. It will be more convenient for theaters to get such kind of new movies.
C. People all agree that the new digital movies are less costly than the filmed movies.
D. The director can monitor the recording and check what was recorded just now.
B
As the US wakes up to China’s rising status as an economic and strategic competitor, US parents are urging their children to learn Chinese, reports Julian Borger.
The US is being swept by a rush to learn Mandarin—from wealthy New York mothers hiring Chinese nannies(保姆)for their small children to a defence department education project in Oregon.
The forces driving Mandarin’s momentum(势头)are parental ambition for children facing a future in which China is almost certain to be a major player, and the government is worried about that America may get left behind in that new world.
The bottleneck is the supply of teachers. Mandarin instructors are difficult to import and difficult to train. There are visa problems in bringing over teachers from China but the biggest barrier is cultural. Teaching in Asia is generally done by rote and the change to western, interactive styles of instruction can be a large leap.
On the other hand, it requires enormous firmness for westerners to learn a language like Chinese, with its thousands of written characters. According to the Asia Society in New York, all of America’s teacher-training institutions turn out only a couple of dozen homegrown Mandarin teachers.
One way to ease the shortage is to find native Mandarin speakers and use fast-track methods to train them. However, the majority of Chinese-Americans grew up speaking Cantonese, the dialect spoken in Hong Kong, where their parents came from. Many are themselves signing on as Mandarin students at the private language schools springing up on the west coast.
1. Why are US parents so eager to make their children learn Mandarin?
A. They are urged by the government to do so.
B. They are afraid to be left behind by other parents.
C. They believe China will play a major role in the future world.
D. They are just carried away by Mandarin’s momentum.
2. The underlined word “rote” in the 4th paragraph probably refers to a teaching pattern which.
A. focuses on memory work
B. allows the students to think independently
C. is centered on interactive skills
D. puts much emphasis on examinations
3. What is the main problem in the Mandarin’s momentum in the US?
A. The lack of qualified teachers.
B. The cultural barrier between the east and west.
C. The Americans’ lack of firmness.
D. The many written Chinese characters.
C
About The New Yorker:
The New Yorker is the eclectic magazine for readers interested in the arts, current events, and culture. The New Yorker includes articles on domestic and international news, exploring current ideas and trends, plus sports, fashion, and entertainment events. In addition, The New Yorker is well known for publishing outstanding short fiction and cartoons with an ironic twist.
About Playboy:
Playboy is a magazine of literature, political thought, sports, commentary and humor. Although Playboy is most well known for its pictorials of beautiful women, it is also highly regarded for its interviews and fiction writing. Playboy includes regular feature articles on finance, sports, entertainment, self-improvement, technology, and psychology. You must be 18 or older to order Playboy.
About Nickelodeon:
Nickelodeon is filled with wonderful entertainment for children. It is wholesome, imaginative, and truly from a child’s point of view. Nickelodeon sees the world from your child’s perspective, where it’s fun to laugh-to think-to do-to learn. Share the award-winning entertainment and humor magazine from Nickelodeon with your kids.
About Lucky:
Lucky is the ultimate shopping magazine with the best looks, the best buys, and the best trends before they hit the stores. But what makes really unique is all the detailed information you’ll get on how to purchase the merchandise you’ll find. Lucky provides you with 800 numbers, web site addresses, and more to make your shopping experience easy and convenient! Lucky is your one-stop shopping guide to all the greatest new products on the market. What’s more, it provides wonderful entertainment for women.
1. Which magazine gives buyers the largest price advantage in percentage?
A. The New Yorker B. Playboy
C. Nickelodeon D. Lucky
2. If you are a housewife, which magazine will you probably buy?
A. The New Yorker B. Playboy
C. Nickelodeon D. Lucky
3. If you are asked to choose a magazine for a little boy, which one do you think is suitable?
A. The New Yorker B. Playboy
C. Nickelodeon D. Lucky
4. What information is contained in all the four magazines?
A. SportsB. NewsC. EntertainmentD. Trends
5. For each issue, which magazine is the cheapest according to the advertisement?
A. The New Yorker B. Playboy
C. Nickelodeon D. Lucky
D
Happiness pays off, studies show.
Psychologists seeking the real secrets of happiness report that very happy people tend to be more extroverted and agreeable than less happy people.
“Our findings suggest that very happy people have rich and satisfying social relationships and spend little time alone relative to average people,” write psychologists Ed Diener and Martin E.P. Seligman in the journal Psychological Science.
Solid social relationships do not promise happiness, but they are an important contributing factor. The very happy people whom the authors studied all said they had good quality social relationships. However, the authors write, there is no single key to high happiness. “High happiness seems to be like beautiful symphonic(交响乐)music—including many instruments, without any one being enough for the beautiful quality.”
Diener regards happiness as “subjective (主观的) well-being” ―in other words, the person evaluates(评估)his or her own quality of life. The question to ask is, “Is my life going well,according to the standards I choose to use?” If the answer is “yes”, then that person is judged to be happy.
Because people evaluate their lives based on happiness,“subjective well-being is very important. Though necessary, it is not enough for having a good life. Subjective well-being “seems quite necessary for the good society, although it is not enough for that society because there are other things we also value and would want in such a place,” says Diener.
Can subjective well-being be measured scientifically? Diener points out three parts contributing to happiness: pleasant emotions and moods, lack of negative emotions and moods, and satisfaction judgment, to which other factors—including cheerfulness and feelings of fulfillment—may be added.
There is no magic formula(公式)for happiness. Diener suggests steps you can take to ensure you are as happy as you can be. Surrounding yourself with good friends and family—people who care about you and whom you care about — is a start. Joining in activities you enjoy and value is also important; whether it’s work or play, keeping busy in an environment enjoyable to you will contribute much to your subjective well-being. In addition, a healthy outlook is necessary.
1. The underlined word “extroverted” probably means______.
A. pleasant and social B. hard-working and active
C. careful and shy D. warm-hearted and helpful
2. Happiness and symphonic music are common in that __________.
A. they are both something beautiful
B. they both make people feel pleased
C. they both depend on more than one factor
D. they are both hard to achieve
3. According to Diener, a person can be judged to be happy when he ______.
A. has rich social relationships
B. spends more time with other people
C. lives a quality life
D. thinks his life is going well according to the standards he chooses to use
4. Which of the following does not belong to components contributing to happiness?
A. Pleasant moods.B. Negative emotions.
C. Satisfaction judgment. D. feelings of fulfillment.
【解析】
A
1. C｡直接信息题｡根据第一､二段内容可知,拍摄一部优秀电影的关键是数码摄像机｡
2. B｡间接信息题｡根据文章内容,其它三项都是未来采用数码摄像机后可能会出现的情况,B项仍然是传统模式｡
3. D｡综合信息题｡A项“偷换概念”,原文中说的6,000份是把Star Wars翻制成普通胶片电影;B项中说只在全世界94家影院放映也犯了“偷换概念”的错误,原文中说世界上只有94家影院有放映数字电影的设备,但接着又说生产了6,000份普通胶片的电影供更多的影院放映｡C项“无中生有”,原文中并没有提到;D项符合原文信息｡
4. C｡综合信息题｡只有C项与原文不符,对数字化电影的花费问题有两种不同的声音,反对者认为这种新技术费用昂贵｡
B
1. C｡直接信息题｡从文章第三段“parental ambition for children facing a future in which China is almost certain to be a major player”可得出答案｡
2. A｡词义猜测题｡从文章第四段西方互动教学方式与东方教学方式的对比关系中可得到答案,西方注重师生互动,东方注重记忆｡故选A｡
3. A｡直接信息题｡从文章第四段第一句话The bottleneck is the supply of teachers.可得到答案｡
C
1. B｡数字计算题｡通过计算可知,Playboy这份杂志读者享受的折扣最大｡
2. D｡直接信息题｡Lucky是一本关于购物的杂志,而且最后提到为妇女提供精彩的娱乐,因此最适合妇女阅读｡
3. C｡直接信息题｡快速查寻About Nickelodeon 可知这是一本适合儿童阅读的杂志｡
4. C｡直接信息题｡快速查寻四本杂志的广告可知都含有Entertainment方面的内容｡
5. A｡数字计算题｡通过计算可知,The New Yorker每期仅1美元,是四种杂志中每期最便宜的杂志｡
D
1. A｡词义猜测题｡从后面的agreeable(随和的)判断,此处词义为“外向的”,与A项最接近｡
2. C｡间接信息题｡概括文章第四段可以得出答案:幸福和交响乐都不是单一成分组成的,而是取决于很多因素｡
3. D｡间接信息题｡从文章第五段可得出答案:幸福是一个人的一种感觉,以自己选择的标准来衡量自己是否幸福｡
4. B｡间接信息题｡从文章倒数第二段可知,不能构成幸福的显然是“消极情绪”｡