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书面语言表达一般分为三个过程:思维、组织、表达。先是思维,把要写的东西在脑中思考,这往往是个别的、孤立的一些素材,很凌乱琐碎;然后要对此进行组织,把这些思维作出整理,使其条理化、系统化,但这还是较粗糙的,可能还有一些用词不当或语言错误;最后才是表达,把组织过的材料仔细推敲,确无问题了再落笔成文。在撰写时要注意主谓语一致,时态呼应、用词贴切等,这就是写作。上述的三个过程,最难的就是第三个过程,这需要我们有较好的语法知识,掌握一定数量的句型、习惯用语、熟练的写作技巧,这样才能写出通顺生动的文章来。
在学习用英语进行书面表达时必须重视学习写出正确有力的(effective)句子。要有一个强烈的句子意识。只要我们从形式、结构和语义各方面了解和掌握各类英语句子的特点和规律,我们就能造出无限多样、生动有力的语句。当然,语句的形式是为交际目的和内容服务的。因此,在书面交际中,不仅应避免单调重复的句式,更应注意根据不同的交际目的、情景和内容而运用不同形式的句子。只有这样,语言才会生动活泼而且得体自然。现讨论和归纳几种常用的可获得句型变化的方法,以提高英语表达能力。
1、从属法
即通过将两个或多个句子中的某一句确立为主句,将余下的句子变为从属句,获得新的有力句式。
运用从属的方法调整、组合句子时应注意以下几点:
(1)应决定原句所表达的意思的轻重主次,将表达次要意思的句子变为从属句(subordinated clause/dependent clause),使表达主要意思的句子成为主句(main clause/independent clause);
(2)使用能准确表达它们之间语义上的逻辑关系的从属连接词来引导从句并将从句和主句连接起来。例如:
①He has worked very hard.He has gained everyone's respect in the firm.
改写为:Because he has worked very hard,he has gained everyone's respect in the firm.
②He had excellent grades.Later he transferred to that university.
改写为:He had excellent grades before he transferred to that university.
③The resort was in Hebei.We stayed in the resort for a week last summer.
改写为:The resort where we stayed for a week last summer was in Hebei.
2.并列法
即通过使用逗号和并列连接词(如and,but,or,so,for,neither/nor,etc.)或分号将两个或多个在意义上联系比较紧密的单句组合成一个更有力的句子。
运用并列方法变化句子时应注意下面几点:
(1)用这种方法组合得到的句子一般都属于并列复合句(compound sentence);
(2)不要将表达不同意义的起连接作用的副词(例如besides,moreover,still,howerver,nevertheless,otherwise,hence,thus,therefore,etc.)误用作并列连接词。在并列复合句中,这些副词后面一般应用逗号将其隔开,而其前面一般都要用分号;
(3)不要仅用一个逗号来连接两个独立分句以形成复合句,而应用逗号再加上一个相应的并列连接词,否则会构成书面表达中的逗号粘连(comma splice)的错误。例如:
④The man is a detective.He is following a womam.He is investigating a drug case now.
改写为:The man following a woman is a detective,and he is investigating a drug case now.
⑤Anna's husband forgot her birthday.Anna was disappointed.
改写为:Anna's husband forgot her birthday,so she was disappointed.
Anna was disappointed,for her husband forgot her birthday.
Anna's husband forgot her birthday;thus,she was disappointed.
3.同位表达法
即通过将两个或多个句中的某一句或某几句变为同位语的方法获得新句。例如:
⑥Curry is a mild-mannered woman.She married Thad.But Thad is a violently-tempered man.
改写为:Curry,a mild-mannered woman,married Thad,a violently-tempered man.
⑦We have two objectives.One is to increase sales.The other is to lower production costs.
改写为:We have two objectives:to increase sales and to lower production costs.
4.修饰性短语表达法
通过将一句中的某一部分、两个或多个句中的某个句子或某些句子变成修饰性短语(modifying phrase)的方法形成新的有力句式。修饰语可以是名词性修饰语(noun modifier)、动词性修饰语(verb modifier)和加强语(intensifier),即修饰语的修饰语。例如:
⑧There are more than fifty proposals.They will be discussed at the conference.
改写为:There are more than fifty proposals to be discussed at the conference.
⑨As he did not know where to find the information for the matter,he came to me for advice./He did not know where to find the information about this matter.He came to me for advice.
改写为:Not knowing where to find the information about this matter,he came to me for advice.
5.运用无灵主语法
即通过使用非人物或无生命的主语获得新的有力句式。这种以非人物的名词作主语(impersonal subject)的句子常常可以使语言生动而简洁。例如:
⑩The Japanese aggressors invaded China and slaughtered millions of Chinese people in the 1930's.
改写为:The 1930's witnessed Japanese aggression and slaughter of millions of Chinese people.
I always studied very hard,for I had an ambition to be a doctor.
改写为:My ambition to be a doctor always urged me to study very hard.
句型变化的方式灵活多样,远非上列几种。以上仅仅是常见的变化句型的几种方法。
总之,句子的质量是书面交际的内容能否有效地传达给读者的关键。而语言质量差除了由于句子的语法结构不当、遣词用语不合理外,缺乏句式的变化(sentence variety)也是不可忽略的一个重要原因。如果无视交际目的、情景和内容的变化而反复使用同一种形式的短句或者长句都会让读者感到单调乏味。因此我们在学习英文书面表达时不仅要努力写出语法正确的句子,还要注意在此基础上写出随着情景、内容的变化而句式多样的语句,这样才能提高英语书面表达能力。
在学习用英语进行书面表达时必须重视学习写出正确有力的(effective)句子。要有一个强烈的句子意识。只要我们从形式、结构和语义各方面了解和掌握各类英语句子的特点和规律,我们就能造出无限多样、生动有力的语句。当然,语句的形式是为交际目的和内容服务的。因此,在书面交际中,不仅应避免单调重复的句式,更应注意根据不同的交际目的、情景和内容而运用不同形式的句子。只有这样,语言才会生动活泼而且得体自然。现讨论和归纳几种常用的可获得句型变化的方法,以提高英语表达能力。
1、从属法
即通过将两个或多个句子中的某一句确立为主句,将余下的句子变为从属句,获得新的有力句式。
运用从属的方法调整、组合句子时应注意以下几点:
(1)应决定原句所表达的意思的轻重主次,将表达次要意思的句子变为从属句(subordinated clause/dependent clause),使表达主要意思的句子成为主句(main clause/independent clause);
(2)使用能准确表达它们之间语义上的逻辑关系的从属连接词来引导从句并将从句和主句连接起来。例如:
①He has worked very hard.He has gained everyone's respect in the firm.
改写为:Because he has worked very hard,he has gained everyone's respect in the firm.
②He had excellent grades.Later he transferred to that university.
改写为:He had excellent grades before he transferred to that university.
③The resort was in Hebei.We stayed in the resort for a week last summer.
改写为:The resort where we stayed for a week last summer was in Hebei.
2.并列法
即通过使用逗号和并列连接词(如and,but,or,so,for,neither/nor,etc.)或分号将两个或多个在意义上联系比较紧密的单句组合成一个更有力的句子。
运用并列方法变化句子时应注意下面几点:
(1)用这种方法组合得到的句子一般都属于并列复合句(compound sentence);
(2)不要将表达不同意义的起连接作用的副词(例如besides,moreover,still,howerver,nevertheless,otherwise,hence,thus,therefore,etc.)误用作并列连接词。在并列复合句中,这些副词后面一般应用逗号将其隔开,而其前面一般都要用分号;
(3)不要仅用一个逗号来连接两个独立分句以形成复合句,而应用逗号再加上一个相应的并列连接词,否则会构成书面表达中的逗号粘连(comma splice)的错误。例如:
④The man is a detective.He is following a womam.He is investigating a drug case now.
改写为:The man following a woman is a detective,and he is investigating a drug case now.
⑤Anna's husband forgot her birthday.Anna was disappointed.
改写为:Anna's husband forgot her birthday,so she was disappointed.
Anna was disappointed,for her husband forgot her birthday.
Anna's husband forgot her birthday;thus,she was disappointed.
3.同位表达法
即通过将两个或多个句中的某一句或某几句变为同位语的方法获得新句。例如:
⑥Curry is a mild-mannered woman.She married Thad.But Thad is a violently-tempered man.
改写为:Curry,a mild-mannered woman,married Thad,a violently-tempered man.
⑦We have two objectives.One is to increase sales.The other is to lower production costs.
改写为:We have two objectives:to increase sales and to lower production costs.
4.修饰性短语表达法
通过将一句中的某一部分、两个或多个句中的某个句子或某些句子变成修饰性短语(modifying phrase)的方法形成新的有力句式。修饰语可以是名词性修饰语(noun modifier)、动词性修饰语(verb modifier)和加强语(intensifier),即修饰语的修饰语。例如:
⑧There are more than fifty proposals.They will be discussed at the conference.
改写为:There are more than fifty proposals to be discussed at the conference.
⑨As he did not know where to find the information for the matter,he came to me for advice./He did not know where to find the information about this matter.He came to me for advice.
改写为:Not knowing where to find the information about this matter,he came to me for advice.
5.运用无灵主语法
即通过使用非人物或无生命的主语获得新的有力句式。这种以非人物的名词作主语(impersonal subject)的句子常常可以使语言生动而简洁。例如:
⑩The Japanese aggressors invaded China and slaughtered millions of Chinese people in the 1930's.
改写为:The 1930's witnessed Japanese aggression and slaughter of millions of Chinese people.
I always studied very hard,for I had an ambition to be a doctor.
改写为:My ambition to be a doctor always urged me to study very hard.
句型变化的方式灵活多样,远非上列几种。以上仅仅是常见的变化句型的几种方法。
总之,句子的质量是书面交际的内容能否有效地传达给读者的关键。而语言质量差除了由于句子的语法结构不当、遣词用语不合理外,缺乏句式的变化(sentence variety)也是不可忽略的一个重要原因。如果无视交际目的、情景和内容的变化而反复使用同一种形式的短句或者长句都会让读者感到单调乏味。因此我们在学习英文书面表达时不仅要努力写出语法正确的句子,还要注意在此基础上写出随着情景、内容的变化而句式多样的语句,这样才能提高英语书面表达能力。