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目的探讨学龄前儿童眼部生物学参数与屈光状态的相关性。方法纳入150例2~6岁学龄前儿童,以右眼为研究对象,分别检查右眼视力、眼底及注视性质,测量屈光状况;采用OCT检查测量黄斑体积、中心凹区最小厚度及平均厚度、9个区分别厚度及黄斑区平均厚度;并测量眼轴长度。比较各年龄段儿童等效球镜度及眼轴长度的差异、不同屈光状态儿童眼轴长度、黄斑体积及各区厚度,并分析其相关性。结果学龄前儿童屈光状态以远视为主(84.00%)。各年龄组儿童等效球镜度及眼轴长度差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。近视组眼轴长度显著大于正视组和远视组(P均<0.05),黄斑体积小于正视组和远视组(P均<0.05);正视组眼轴长度大于远视组(P<0.05)。除中心凹最小厚度及平均厚度、内环鼻侧及下方外,近视组各视网膜厚度均较正视组和远视组低(P均<0.05);其他分区各组间差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。黄斑体积与眼轴长度呈负相关(r=-0.530,P<0.05),与等效球镜度呈正相关(r=0.641,P<0.05);黄斑区平均厚度与眼轴长度无相关性(r=0.007,P>0.05),与等效球镜度亦无相关性(r=0.118,P>0.05)。结论学龄前儿童等效球镜度及眼轴长度与年龄有关,随屈光度负增加,眼轴长度增加,黄斑体积减小,除中心凹、内环鼻侧及下方外的视网膜厚度减小。
Objective To investigate the correlation between ocular biological parameters and refractive status in preschool children. Methods A total of 150 preschoolers aged 2 to 6 years old were enrolled in this study. The right eye was selected as the object of study. The visual acuity, fundus and gaze of the right eye were measured and the refractive status was measured. The macular volume, the minimum thickness and the average thickness , 9 regional differences in thickness and the average thickness of the macular area; and axial length measurement. The differences of spherical equivalent axial length and axial length between children of different ages were compared. The axial length, macular volume and the thickness of each area of children with different refractive status were analyzed, and their correlations were analyzed. Results The preschool children’s refractive status was hyperopia (84.00%). The spherical equivalent and axial length of children in all age groups were significantly different (P <0.05). The axial length of the myopic group was significantly larger than that of the forward and far vision groups (P <0.05). The macular volume was smaller than that of the positive and hyperopia groups (P <0.05). In addition to the minimum thickness and average thickness of the fovea and the nasal and inferior portion of the inner ring, the retina thickness of the myopic group was lower than that of the orthopnea group and the hyperopia group (all P <0.05), while there was no significant difference among the other groups > 0.05). There was a negative correlation between macular volume and axial length (r = -0.530, P <0.05) and a positive correlation with spherical equivalent (r = 0.641, P <0.05). There was no correlation between macular thickness and axial length r = 0.007, P> 0.05), and there was no correlation with spherical equivalent (r = 0.118, P> 0.05). Conclusions The equivalent spherical and axial lengths of preschool children are related to age. With the increase of diopter, the axial length increases and the volume of the macula decreases. The thickness of the retina excluding the fovea, nasal and inferior part of the inner ring decreases.