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【摘要 目的:探討后路全脊柱截骨(posterior vertebral column resection,PVCR)联合钛网植骨内固定治疗严重脊柱角状后凸畸形的短期临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2014年1月-2016年3月在本科收治的16例严重脊柱角状后凸畸形患者,所有患者均行后路全脊柱截骨联合钛网植骨内固定治疗。记录手术时间、术中出血量、脊柱矫形术前、术后、末次随访Cobb角、C7铅垂线距S1后上缘距离,脊髓Frankel变化。结果:所有患者术后均获得随访,随访时间8~24个月,平均15.2个月。患者腰背部疼痛及畸形得到明显改善,无切口及椎体深部感染。1例患者出现少量胸腔积液,经治疗后吸收,术后无内固定松动、断裂,植骨融合效果好。3例患者因术中牵拉,神经根水肿,术后神经症状加重,但经脱水及神经营养治疗后,症状缓解。术中出血量1500~4000 mL,平均2360.6 mL,手术时间230~450 min,平均340.2 min。Cobb角术前83°~145°,平均110.3°;术后:16°~95°,平均41.3°,矫正率为59.6%;末次随访18~100°,平均44.6°,矫正丢失率为5.6%。C7铅垂线距S1后上缘距离术前-37~49 mm,平均31.2 mm,术后:-13~22 mm,平均11.2 mm,矫正率为:64.1%;末次随访:-11~21 mm,平均10.3 mm,矫正丢失率为8.1%。Frankel评分术前B级2例,C级4例,D级10例;末次随访B级0例,C例1例,D级2例,E级13例。结论:经后路全脊柱截骨联合钛网植骨内固定手术治疗严重脊柱角状后突畸形能明显矫正脊柱后突畸形、有效解除顶点区脊髓的压迫,促进神经功能恢复,是一种不错的临床治疗方法。但该手术时间长、出血多、手术技术难度大,应充分做好术前准备。
【关键词】 角状后凸畸形; 后路全脊柱截骨
Clinical Analysis of Surgical Treatment of Severe Angular Kyphosis/JIN Yu-lin,ZHANG Wei,LI Xiao-peng.//Medical Innovation of China,2017,14(22):128-131
【Abstract】 Objective:To investigate the short term clinical efficacy of posterior vertebral column resection combined with titanium mesh and bone grafting in the treatment of severe angular kyphosis.Method:From January 2014 to March 2016 in our department,16 cases with severe spinal angular kyphosis were retrospectively analysed,and were treated with posterior vertebral column resection combined with titanium mesh and bone graft and internal fixation.The operation time,intraoperative bleeding,Cobb angle before,after surgery and finalfollow-up,distancefrom C7 plumb line to S1 upperposterior edge and frankel’s standard were recorded.Result:All patients were followed up after operation,the follow-up time ranged from 8 to 24 months,average 15.2 months.Patients with low back pain and deformity were improved significantly,without incision and vertebral deep infection.1 cases presented pleural effusion and it was absorbed after treatment,without internal fixation loosening and fracture,bone graft fusion effect was good.For intraoperative traction,3 patients presented nerve root edema and postoperative neurological symptoms increased,but after dehydration and nerve nutrition therapy,symptoms relieved.The intraoperative blood loss was 1500-4000 mL,average 2360.6 mL,operation time:230-450 min,average 340.2 min.Preoperative Cobb angle:83°-145°,average 110.3°;after the operation:16°~95°,average 41.3°,the correction rate was 59.6%;the last follow-up:18°-100°,average 44.6°,the correction of loss rate was 5.6%.Preoperative distancefrom C7 plumb line to S1 upperposterior edge:-37-49 mm,average 31.2 mm;postoperative:-13-22 mm,average 11.2 mm,the correction rate was 64.1%;at the end of the follow-up:-11-21 mm,average 10.3 mm,the correction loss rate was 8.1%.Frankel score before operation:B grade 2 cases,C cases 4 cases,D grade 10 cases,the last follow-up:B grade 0 case,C grade 1 case,D grade 2 cases,E grade 13 cases.Conclusion:Posterior vertebral column resection combined with titanium mesh and bone graft and internal fixation in the treatment of severe spinal angular kyphosis can obviously correct kyphosis,effectively relieve spinal cord vertex area,promote the recovery of neurological function,it is a good clinical treatment.But the operation time is long, intraoperative bleeding is large,surgery technical is difficult,it is needed to make full preoperative preparation. 【Key words】 Spinal angular kyphosis; Posterior vertebral column resection
First-author’s address:People’s Hospital of Pu’er City,Pu’er 665000,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2017.22.038
重度脊柱角状后凸畸形是一种特殊重症畸形,主要由脊柱结核、陈旧性胸腰椎骨折、先天性脊柱畸形等引起,后凸畸形加重,可引起脊髓、神经功能受损,腰背痛甚至心肺功能障碍。传统后路PSO、SPO手术不能有效矫正后突畸形,解除压迫,达到治疗目的,脊柱角状后凸畸形仍然是脊柱外科一技术难点。近年来,由于脊柱截骨技术的迅速发展,脊柱角状后凸畸形的治疗进展较快。本科自2014年1月-2016年3月收治严重脊柱角状后凸畸形患者16例,所有患者均行后路全脊柱截骨(PVCR)联合钛网植骨内固定治疗,取得不错临床疗效,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 本组病例16例,其中男6例、女10例,15~58岁,平均27.4岁;脊柱结核:5例,胸腰椎陈旧性骨折:8例,先天性脊柱畸形:3例;Cobb角:术前83°~145°,平均110.3°;C7铅垂线距S1后上缘距离-37~49 mm,平均31.2 mm;Frankel评分:B级2例,C级4例,D级10例;所有患者术前均有不同程度下肢运动功能障碍、腰背痛、大小便功能及鞍区感觉障碍。
1.2 方法 术前常规行脊柱全长X线、左右bending位X线片、CT平扫及三维重建、MRI检查等。该组病例均行PVCR术,气管内插管全麻醉后,患者取平卧位,C型臂定位顶锥,消毒、铺单后以后凸顶锥为中心向上下延伸3~4个椎体,切开皮肤、皮下组织,分离椎旁肌,根据术前设计,暴露顶锥及上下3~4个椎体明显,手术视野显露充分,C臂透视下常规方法于上下2~3正常椎体植入椎弓根钉,位置良好、可靠。切除顶锥棘突、椎板、关节突暴露及分离硬脊膜,对于胸椎,咬除肋横突关节及肋骨3~4 cm。对侧上临时棒,保证临时棒固定牢靠,根据术前设计,直视下保护好脊髓神经根后,沿椎弓根切除病椎、上下椎间盘及刮除相应上下终板,交换临时棒,切除对侧椎体,相邻椎体充分进行潜行椎管减压,防止剩余骨块卡压,在进行截骨、减压同时,静脉输入甲基泼尼松龙500 mg保护脊髓,撑开器适当行椎体前方撑开,矫正后突畸形,测量前方椎体间缺损高度,取测量长度钛笼植骨植入间隙支撑,更换预弯固定棒,交替加压矫形,矫形过程中注意脊髓有无皱褶及压迫,植入椎弓根钉是否松动及退出,减压及矫形结束时需进行唤醒试验。术后常规放置负压引流。所有患者均在脊髓体感诱发电位监护下进行,术中采用自体血回输机进行自体血回输。
1.3 术后处理 术后常规使用抗生素预防感染,术后2~3 d或24 h内引流管内引流液小于50 mL时拔除引流管,术后两周拆线,常规行双下肢功能锻炼,4周后佩戴肢具下地,肢具常规佩戴3~6个月。
1.4 观察指标 术后随访包括Cobb角、C7铅垂线距S1后上缘距离,脊髓Frankel变化,后突畸形矫正、疼痛症状改善,神经功能恢复及并发症情况。
1.5 统计学处理 采用SPSS 18.0软件对所得数据进行统计分析,计量资料用(x±s)表示,比较采用t检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
患者术后切口愈合均为一期愈合,无感染及椎管内血肿压迫症状。所有患者术后均获得随访,随访时间8~24个月,平均15.2个月。患者腰背部疼痛及畸形得到明显改善,无切口感染、1例患者出现少量胸腔积液,经治疗后吸收,术后无内固定松动、断裂,植骨融合效果好。3例患者因术中牵拉,神经根水肿,术后神经症状加重,但经脱水及神经营养治疗后,症状缓解。术中出血量1500~4000 mL,
平均2360.6 mL,手术时间:230~450 min,平均340.2 min。Cobb角术后16°~95°,平均41.3°,矫正率为59.6%,术前与术后比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);末次随访18°~100°,平均44.6°,矫正丢失率5.6%,术后与末次随访比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。C7铅垂线距S1后上缘距离术后-13~22 mm,平均11.2 mm,矫正率64.1%,术前与术后比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);末次随访-11~21 mm,平均10.3 mm,矫正丢失率8.1%,术后与末次随访比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。末次随访:Frankel评分B级0例,C例1例,D级2例,E级13例。典型例图见图1。
3 讨论
3.1 脊柱角状后突畸形的发生及治疗进程 脊柱角状后突畸形是脊柱在矢状面上局部后突成角的形态学改变。它主要是由于脊柱结核、创伤性陈旧性脊柱骨折、先天性椎体发育异常等引起,椎体发育异常约占0.01%~0.05%[1],畸形顶锥主要以胸腰段最多见,创伤性陈旧性脊柱骨折已成为胸腰段后凸畸形最为常见原因。脊柱局部不稳定造成矢状面平衡改变,轻度矢状面平衡改变即可引起生存质量改变,且与失衡的程度恶化成线性关系[2]。发展成严重后凸畸形,呈“U”或“V”型袢,后凸的骨块对脊髓直接压迫、来自脊髓顶点脊髓背侧受到的过度牵张、局部不稳定致连续性刺激引起脊髓、神经症状[3-4],代偿性过度前凸状态致腰背肌疲劳和疼痛[5]、心肺功能障碍和后凸畸形性改变等。此类患者因其解剖变异性,在治疗上手术难度大,风险高。手术治疗的目的是重建脊柱矢状面平衡、恢复脊柱稳定性及解除脊髓压迫。目前,后凸畸形矫形的手术原则为:延长前柱,短缩后柱,而后路截骨矫形术为其治疗主要手术方法。传统手术包括Smith-Petersen截骨术(SPO)和经皮椎弓根截骨术(PSO),SPO仅依靠后方的骨接触面纠正畸形,可造成矫形的丢失,在生物学上是不稳定的[6],畸形矫正有限,单节段畸形矫正文献报道仅为10%~20%[7],且不能解除顶点压迫。有学者报道,PSO技术可用于创伤性角状后突畸形的矫形[8],通过椎弓根骨性通道去除椎体松质骨的“蛋壳”技术应用于结核性后突畸形取得良好临床疗效[9]。但更多研究显示,PSO或“蛋壳”技术矫正可致脊髓堆积、短缩,有潜在神经损伤风险,矫形程度受限,达30%~40%[10]。2002年,Suk等[11]首次报道后路全椎体切除术(posterior vertebral column resection,PVCR)治疗重度脊柱后凸畸形,后不少學者报道该治疗方式获得满意临床疗效,其畸形矫正达49%~80%[12-13]。Rajasekaran S等将钛网植入椎体间作为支点,可将撑开与闭合同时进行,实现严重后凸后突畸形单纯后路的安全矫形[14-15]。本科自2013-2016年采用PVCR治疗严重脊柱后凸畸形取得不错临床效果。 3.2 手术指征对于严重脊柱角状后凸畸形手术指征无统一标准,但多数学者认为:(1)后凸畸形引起严重腰背部疼痛影响生活质量;(2)后凸畸形合并神经、脊髓受压症状,通过保守治疗无效,且进行性加重;(3)后凸畸形出现严重心肺功能、消化系统功能障碍等,为其手术治疗指征[3,16]。本科该组手术患者以此作为纳入手术治疗标准。
3.3 PVCR优点后路全椎体切除术自报道以来,得到越来越多的广泛运用,且临床报道疗效良好,因本组病例少及随访时间短,结合文献及治疗经验,该术式有以下几个优点:(1)单纯后侧入路,简化了以前后路联合手术入路,缩短了手术时间、术中出血量及側前方开胸手术对心肺功能干扰,提高手术安全性;(2)脊柱三柱切除后方加压矫形,360°环形截骨,有效解除顶点区脊髓高张力状态,减压彻底;(3)前柱钛笼植骨置入,避免脊髓过度短缩引起神经症状。有报道称脊柱急性短缩超过截骨范围节段高度2/3即为危险范围[17];(4)椎弓根的置入,提高脊柱稳定性。
3.4 并发症及预防 PVCR是一种高风险手术,其并发症并不少见,主要并发症为脊髓、神经功能受损,神经并发症的预防是手术成败的关键,机械性损伤及缺血性损伤为主要损伤机制[18]。在机械性损伤中,多为操作损伤,因手术中硬膜与周围软组织粘连严重,手术中应保持手术视野清晰,仔细分离,操作过程中减少对脊髓的牵拉。截骨前方骨块残留压迫及段端不稳定可导致脊髓神经损伤。椎体切除时,应减压充分、彻底,去除可能压迫脊髓神经的骨块。使用临时棒固定减压时,可因椎体不稳致脊髓神经反复牵拉伤,要求椎弓根钉置入固定牢靠,术中透视位置良好,脊髓神经减压后,要及时短缩。Lenke等[19]报道50%脊髓神经损伤发生在矫正后凸畸形时,为神经系统并发症高发期,这要求后柱撑开及合拢时分次、平稳进行,术中常规行术中神经电生理监测,进行脊髓唤醒,常规输入甲基泼尼松龙500 mg。缺血性损伤主要为全身血容量减少及局部脊髓神经血运破坏导致。该手术耗时长,出血多,在本组病例中,出血量平均达2360.6 mL,出血最多达4000 mL,为避免出血致术后脊髓损伤,术前常规备血6~8 u,且术中采用自体血回输。术前脊髓神经损伤患者因其血管走形异常及顶点区脊髓长期缺血、缺氧的临近瘫痪状态,使其神经损伤发生率明显高于神经正常者[20]。该型患者血氧耐受差,轻微刺激引起神经功能障碍,术中更应仔细操作。在该组患者中,3例患者因术中牵拉,神经根水肿,术后神经症状加重,但经脱水及神经营养治疗后,症状缓解。此外良好的术后引流避免血肿形成压迫可避免术后脊髓神经损伤。该手术切除了脊柱三柱,破坏了脊柱稳定性,植骨融合是脊柱稳定成败的关键,应在植骨区进行充分、有效植骨,在本组病例中,最长随访24个月,复查见植骨融合效果好,无明显脊柱不稳引起疼痛病例。胸膜腔积液1例,无手术损伤,考虑刺激引起,经治疗后吸收,无切口感染、内固定松动、断裂等并发症。
综上所述,经后路全脊柱截骨术治疗脊柱重度后凸畸形可有效矫正畸形、解除神经压迫,稳定脊柱,是一种不错的治疗方法。但因其手术难度达、风险高、出血多,应充分术前准备及详细制定手术方案。
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[18] Aydogan M,Ozturk C,Tezer M,et al.Posterior vertebrectomy inkyphosis,scoliosis and kyphoscoliosis due to hemivertebra[J].
J Pediatr Orthop B,2008,17(1):33-37.
[19] Lenke L G,Leary P T,Bridwell K H,et al.Posterior vertebral column resection for severe pediatric deformity:minimum two year follow-up of thirty-five consecutive patients[J].Spine,2009,34(20):2213-2221.
[20]馬华松,陈志明,杨滨,等.脊柱畸形后路截骨术神经并发症分析[J].中华外科杂志,2012,50(4):328-332.
(收稿日期:2017-03-30) (本文编辑:邓朝阳)
【关键词】 角状后凸畸形; 后路全脊柱截骨
Clinical Analysis of Surgical Treatment of Severe Angular Kyphosis/JIN Yu-lin,ZHANG Wei,LI Xiao-peng.//Medical Innovation of China,2017,14(22):128-131
【Abstract】 Objective:To investigate the short term clinical efficacy of posterior vertebral column resection combined with titanium mesh and bone grafting in the treatment of severe angular kyphosis.Method:From January 2014 to March 2016 in our department,16 cases with severe spinal angular kyphosis were retrospectively analysed,and were treated with posterior vertebral column resection combined with titanium mesh and bone graft and internal fixation.The operation time,intraoperative bleeding,Cobb angle before,after surgery and finalfollow-up,distancefrom C7 plumb line to S1 upperposterior edge and frankel’s standard were recorded.Result:All patients were followed up after operation,the follow-up time ranged from 8 to 24 months,average 15.2 months.Patients with low back pain and deformity were improved significantly,without incision and vertebral deep infection.1 cases presented pleural effusion and it was absorbed after treatment,without internal fixation loosening and fracture,bone graft fusion effect was good.For intraoperative traction,3 patients presented nerve root edema and postoperative neurological symptoms increased,but after dehydration and nerve nutrition therapy,symptoms relieved.The intraoperative blood loss was 1500-4000 mL,average 2360.6 mL,operation time:230-450 min,average 340.2 min.Preoperative Cobb angle:83°-145°,average 110.3°;after the operation:16°~95°,average 41.3°,the correction rate was 59.6%;the last follow-up:18°-100°,average 44.6°,the correction of loss rate was 5.6%.Preoperative distancefrom C7 plumb line to S1 upperposterior edge:-37-49 mm,average 31.2 mm;postoperative:-13-22 mm,average 11.2 mm,the correction rate was 64.1%;at the end of the follow-up:-11-21 mm,average 10.3 mm,the correction loss rate was 8.1%.Frankel score before operation:B grade 2 cases,C cases 4 cases,D grade 10 cases,the last follow-up:B grade 0 case,C grade 1 case,D grade 2 cases,E grade 13 cases.Conclusion:Posterior vertebral column resection combined with titanium mesh and bone graft and internal fixation in the treatment of severe spinal angular kyphosis can obviously correct kyphosis,effectively relieve spinal cord vertex area,promote the recovery of neurological function,it is a good clinical treatment.But the operation time is long, intraoperative bleeding is large,surgery technical is difficult,it is needed to make full preoperative preparation. 【Key words】 Spinal angular kyphosis; Posterior vertebral column resection
First-author’s address:People’s Hospital of Pu’er City,Pu’er 665000,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2017.22.038
重度脊柱角状后凸畸形是一种特殊重症畸形,主要由脊柱结核、陈旧性胸腰椎骨折、先天性脊柱畸形等引起,后凸畸形加重,可引起脊髓、神经功能受损,腰背痛甚至心肺功能障碍。传统后路PSO、SPO手术不能有效矫正后突畸形,解除压迫,达到治疗目的,脊柱角状后凸畸形仍然是脊柱外科一技术难点。近年来,由于脊柱截骨技术的迅速发展,脊柱角状后凸畸形的治疗进展较快。本科自2014年1月-2016年3月收治严重脊柱角状后凸畸形患者16例,所有患者均行后路全脊柱截骨(PVCR)联合钛网植骨内固定治疗,取得不错临床疗效,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 本组病例16例,其中男6例、女10例,15~58岁,平均27.4岁;脊柱结核:5例,胸腰椎陈旧性骨折:8例,先天性脊柱畸形:3例;Cobb角:术前83°~145°,平均110.3°;C7铅垂线距S1后上缘距离-37~49 mm,平均31.2 mm;Frankel评分:B级2例,C级4例,D级10例;所有患者术前均有不同程度下肢运动功能障碍、腰背痛、大小便功能及鞍区感觉障碍。
1.2 方法 术前常规行脊柱全长X线、左右bending位X线片、CT平扫及三维重建、MRI检查等。该组病例均行PVCR术,气管内插管全麻醉后,患者取平卧位,C型臂定位顶锥,消毒、铺单后以后凸顶锥为中心向上下延伸3~4个椎体,切开皮肤、皮下组织,分离椎旁肌,根据术前设计,暴露顶锥及上下3~4个椎体明显,手术视野显露充分,C臂透视下常规方法于上下2~3正常椎体植入椎弓根钉,位置良好、可靠。切除顶锥棘突、椎板、关节突暴露及分离硬脊膜,对于胸椎,咬除肋横突关节及肋骨3~4 cm。对侧上临时棒,保证临时棒固定牢靠,根据术前设计,直视下保护好脊髓神经根后,沿椎弓根切除病椎、上下椎间盘及刮除相应上下终板,交换临时棒,切除对侧椎体,相邻椎体充分进行潜行椎管减压,防止剩余骨块卡压,在进行截骨、减压同时,静脉输入甲基泼尼松龙500 mg保护脊髓,撑开器适当行椎体前方撑开,矫正后突畸形,测量前方椎体间缺损高度,取测量长度钛笼植骨植入间隙支撑,更换预弯固定棒,交替加压矫形,矫形过程中注意脊髓有无皱褶及压迫,植入椎弓根钉是否松动及退出,减压及矫形结束时需进行唤醒试验。术后常规放置负压引流。所有患者均在脊髓体感诱发电位监护下进行,术中采用自体血回输机进行自体血回输。
1.3 术后处理 术后常规使用抗生素预防感染,术后2~3 d或24 h内引流管内引流液小于50 mL时拔除引流管,术后两周拆线,常规行双下肢功能锻炼,4周后佩戴肢具下地,肢具常规佩戴3~6个月。
1.4 观察指标 术后随访包括Cobb角、C7铅垂线距S1后上缘距离,脊髓Frankel变化,后突畸形矫正、疼痛症状改善,神经功能恢复及并发症情况。
1.5 统计学处理 采用SPSS 18.0软件对所得数据进行统计分析,计量资料用(x±s)表示,比较采用t检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
患者术后切口愈合均为一期愈合,无感染及椎管内血肿压迫症状。所有患者术后均获得随访,随访时间8~24个月,平均15.2个月。患者腰背部疼痛及畸形得到明显改善,无切口感染、1例患者出现少量胸腔积液,经治疗后吸收,术后无内固定松动、断裂,植骨融合效果好。3例患者因术中牵拉,神经根水肿,术后神经症状加重,但经脱水及神经营养治疗后,症状缓解。术中出血量1500~4000 mL,
平均2360.6 mL,手术时间:230~450 min,平均340.2 min。Cobb角术后16°~95°,平均41.3°,矫正率为59.6%,术前与术后比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);末次随访18°~100°,平均44.6°,矫正丢失率5.6%,术后与末次随访比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。C7铅垂线距S1后上缘距离术后-13~22 mm,平均11.2 mm,矫正率64.1%,术前与术后比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);末次随访-11~21 mm,平均10.3 mm,矫正丢失率8.1%,术后与末次随访比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。末次随访:Frankel评分B级0例,C例1例,D级2例,E级13例。典型例图见图1。
3 讨论
3.1 脊柱角状后突畸形的发生及治疗进程 脊柱角状后突畸形是脊柱在矢状面上局部后突成角的形态学改变。它主要是由于脊柱结核、创伤性陈旧性脊柱骨折、先天性椎体发育异常等引起,椎体发育异常约占0.01%~0.05%[1],畸形顶锥主要以胸腰段最多见,创伤性陈旧性脊柱骨折已成为胸腰段后凸畸形最为常见原因。脊柱局部不稳定造成矢状面平衡改变,轻度矢状面平衡改变即可引起生存质量改变,且与失衡的程度恶化成线性关系[2]。发展成严重后凸畸形,呈“U”或“V”型袢,后凸的骨块对脊髓直接压迫、来自脊髓顶点脊髓背侧受到的过度牵张、局部不稳定致连续性刺激引起脊髓、神经症状[3-4],代偿性过度前凸状态致腰背肌疲劳和疼痛[5]、心肺功能障碍和后凸畸形性改变等。此类患者因其解剖变异性,在治疗上手术难度大,风险高。手术治疗的目的是重建脊柱矢状面平衡、恢复脊柱稳定性及解除脊髓压迫。目前,后凸畸形矫形的手术原则为:延长前柱,短缩后柱,而后路截骨矫形术为其治疗主要手术方法。传统手术包括Smith-Petersen截骨术(SPO)和经皮椎弓根截骨术(PSO),SPO仅依靠后方的骨接触面纠正畸形,可造成矫形的丢失,在生物学上是不稳定的[6],畸形矫正有限,单节段畸形矫正文献报道仅为10%~20%[7],且不能解除顶点压迫。有学者报道,PSO技术可用于创伤性角状后突畸形的矫形[8],通过椎弓根骨性通道去除椎体松质骨的“蛋壳”技术应用于结核性后突畸形取得良好临床疗效[9]。但更多研究显示,PSO或“蛋壳”技术矫正可致脊髓堆积、短缩,有潜在神经损伤风险,矫形程度受限,达30%~40%[10]。2002年,Suk等[11]首次报道后路全椎体切除术(posterior vertebral column resection,PVCR)治疗重度脊柱后凸畸形,后不少學者报道该治疗方式获得满意临床疗效,其畸形矫正达49%~80%[12-13]。Rajasekaran S等将钛网植入椎体间作为支点,可将撑开与闭合同时进行,实现严重后凸后突畸形单纯后路的安全矫形[14-15]。本科自2013-2016年采用PVCR治疗严重脊柱后凸畸形取得不错临床效果。 3.2 手术指征对于严重脊柱角状后凸畸形手术指征无统一标准,但多数学者认为:(1)后凸畸形引起严重腰背部疼痛影响生活质量;(2)后凸畸形合并神经、脊髓受压症状,通过保守治疗无效,且进行性加重;(3)后凸畸形出现严重心肺功能、消化系统功能障碍等,为其手术治疗指征[3,16]。本科该组手术患者以此作为纳入手术治疗标准。
3.3 PVCR优点后路全椎体切除术自报道以来,得到越来越多的广泛运用,且临床报道疗效良好,因本组病例少及随访时间短,结合文献及治疗经验,该术式有以下几个优点:(1)单纯后侧入路,简化了以前后路联合手术入路,缩短了手术时间、术中出血量及側前方开胸手术对心肺功能干扰,提高手术安全性;(2)脊柱三柱切除后方加压矫形,360°环形截骨,有效解除顶点区脊髓高张力状态,减压彻底;(3)前柱钛笼植骨置入,避免脊髓过度短缩引起神经症状。有报道称脊柱急性短缩超过截骨范围节段高度2/3即为危险范围[17];(4)椎弓根的置入,提高脊柱稳定性。
3.4 并发症及预防 PVCR是一种高风险手术,其并发症并不少见,主要并发症为脊髓、神经功能受损,神经并发症的预防是手术成败的关键,机械性损伤及缺血性损伤为主要损伤机制[18]。在机械性损伤中,多为操作损伤,因手术中硬膜与周围软组织粘连严重,手术中应保持手术视野清晰,仔细分离,操作过程中减少对脊髓的牵拉。截骨前方骨块残留压迫及段端不稳定可导致脊髓神经损伤。椎体切除时,应减压充分、彻底,去除可能压迫脊髓神经的骨块。使用临时棒固定减压时,可因椎体不稳致脊髓神经反复牵拉伤,要求椎弓根钉置入固定牢靠,术中透视位置良好,脊髓神经减压后,要及时短缩。Lenke等[19]报道50%脊髓神经损伤发生在矫正后凸畸形时,为神经系统并发症高发期,这要求后柱撑开及合拢时分次、平稳进行,术中常规行术中神经电生理监测,进行脊髓唤醒,常规输入甲基泼尼松龙500 mg。缺血性损伤主要为全身血容量减少及局部脊髓神经血运破坏导致。该手术耗时长,出血多,在本组病例中,出血量平均达2360.6 mL,出血最多达4000 mL,为避免出血致术后脊髓损伤,术前常规备血6~8 u,且术中采用自体血回输。术前脊髓神经损伤患者因其血管走形异常及顶点区脊髓长期缺血、缺氧的临近瘫痪状态,使其神经损伤发生率明显高于神经正常者[20]。该型患者血氧耐受差,轻微刺激引起神经功能障碍,术中更应仔细操作。在该组患者中,3例患者因术中牵拉,神经根水肿,术后神经症状加重,但经脱水及神经营养治疗后,症状缓解。此外良好的术后引流避免血肿形成压迫可避免术后脊髓神经损伤。该手术切除了脊柱三柱,破坏了脊柱稳定性,植骨融合是脊柱稳定成败的关键,应在植骨区进行充分、有效植骨,在本组病例中,最长随访24个月,复查见植骨融合效果好,无明显脊柱不稳引起疼痛病例。胸膜腔积液1例,无手术损伤,考虑刺激引起,经治疗后吸收,无切口感染、内固定松动、断裂等并发症。
综上所述,经后路全脊柱截骨术治疗脊柱重度后凸畸形可有效矫正畸形、解除神经压迫,稳定脊柱,是一种不错的治疗方法。但因其手术难度达、风险高、出血多,应充分术前准备及详细制定手术方案。
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(收稿日期:2017-03-30) (本文编辑:邓朝阳)