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长期以来,单项选择题由于其考查的知识点覆盖面广、评卷易于操作等优点而受到广大英语教师和中考命题人员的青睐。一般情况下,中考英语单项选择题有10道、15道或20道不等,涉及初中阶段所学的部分语法、词法和句法。如果平时训练到位了,单项选择题是非常好拿分的。然而,从我们近几年参加评卷的结果来看,此大题拿满分的学生较少。包括平时基础非常扎实的考生也要错那么一两道小题。原因何在?学生不是对知识点掌握不牢,而是受思维定势的影响。“思维定势”在这里是指我们习惯的思维方式,学生往往受所谓“语法习惯,固定搭配”等的影响,凭借自己“丰富”的解题经验,盲目地选择答案。中考命题人员有时为了让试卷有一定的区分度,合理拉开档次,出题时也会有意出几道学生易受思维定势影响而错选的题目。本文拟结合近几年来全国部分省市的中考试题,对经常考查的学生易受思维定势影响而误选的单项选择题加以归纳和分析,以引起广大师生的注意。
1. ——Would you like some tea, please?
——Yes. I prefer tea ____ sugar. (2009年海南)
A. to B. for C. with
解析:初看此题,大部分学生会选择A, 因为它构成固定搭配prefer…to…。但我们仔细分析题干和语境可知,此题应该选C。句意是:我喜欢加糖的茶。
2. The doctor did what he could ____ the dying man. (2009江苏宿迁)
A. save B. to save C. saved D. saving
解析:此题选择A的考生较多,他们受思维定势影响,知道情态动词could后面接动词原形。其实,本题考查的是动词不定式作目的状语,选B。题意为:医生尽最大努力去抢救那个濒临死亡的人。
3. The life we were used to ____ greatly since 1980. (2009黔西南州)
A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed
解析:我们班多数学生对used to do sth., be used to doing sth.和be used to do sth.的用法应该说掌握得还算不错,但考下来误选的学生还是较多,大部分学生选A或C,部分学生选D。但我们只要仔细分析题干的句子结构就不难得出B是正确答案,The life是句子的主语,we were used to是主语的后置定语。题干的句意是:自从1980年以来,我们习惯了的生活发生了巨大变化。
4. These coats are different ____ size. (2007山东济南)
A. from B. of C. to D. in
解析:此题几乎没有学生答对,大家都不约而同地选A, 学生受短语be different from的思维定势从而很快作出了“正确”的判断。但学生只要把A答案中的from代入题干就知道“这些外套与尺寸不同”让人不知所云。此题选D, 题意是:这些外套大小不一。
5. I think it’s ____ useful advice, so I will always remember it. (2008年江苏南通)
A. a B. an C. the D. 不填
解析:此题答对率也相当低,差不多选A的学生和选B的学生持平,选B的学生说是看见了useful元音字母u, 选B的学生说useful中的字母u并没有发元音,而是发辅音。学生做题时只盯着useful中的u, 其实学生只要知道advice是不可数名词就不难得出本题答案是D。
6. ——You haven’t been to Beijing, have you?
——____. How I wish to go there! (2009年呼和浩特)
A. Yes, I have B. No, I haven’t C. Yes, I haven’t D. No, I haven’t
解析:此题考查反意疑问句的回答,基础好的优秀学生应该能选对。中等生可能也会误选C,这部分学生会按习惯把C答案中的Yes译为“是的”。其实,在回答反义疑问句时,如果事实是肯定的就用肯定回答,事实是否定的就用否定回答,这样我们只能在A, B中来选答案,从How I wish to go there!可知他没去过北京,故选B,句中的“No”译为“是的”。
7. About ____ the fans are waiting here. They want to see the great singer. (2009年河南模拟)
A. two thousand of B. two thousand C. thousand of D. two thousands of
解析:学生按经验就会迅速作出判断此题肯定选B,因为大部分学生知道hundred, thousand和million的用法,它们前面有具体数字修饰时不能用复数,后面有of是表示概数它们需要用复数。然而此题中有个定冠词the,句意就是:其中的约两千名粉丝正在这里等待,它们想看看这位伟大的歌手。故本题选A。
8. ——Whom would you like to be your assistant, Jack or David?
——If I had to choose, David would be ____ choice. (2007年江西)
A. good B. better C. the better D. the best
解析:绝大部分学生选了B,Jack和David两个比应该用比较级,比较级前面一般情况下不加定冠词the,但我们只要仔细推敲,就会发现在句末省略了of the two,这样本题选C。
9. ——Why did you leave your city last year?
——Because I ____ a new job in another city. (2009年成都)
A. offered B. am offered C. was offered
解析:受“人作主语用主动语态而物作主语用被动语态”思维定势影响误选A的学生很多,但只要细心领悟语境,此题应该用被动语态,选C。意为:因为在另一个城市别人为我提供了一个工作岗位(我是被提供)。
10. ——Excuse me, sir. Do you have the time?
——____. (2008年安徽)
A. Yes, I do B. No problem C. Half past twelve D. Certainly, I have
解析:此题选A的学生最多,其实Do you have the time?和Do you have time?的意思不同,前者意为:几点钟啦?后者则意为:你有空吗?知道了这点就容易得出本题答案是C。
11. ——Where did you go on holiday this summer? England?
——You are ____. We went on a 10-day trip to Paris. (2009年武汉)
A. fuuny B. right C. cool D. close
解析:不看语境只凭经验和语感此题容易选B,可能没有学生想到选D. close(关、亲密的),此题恰恰就选D,在这里close是形容词意为“接近的”。
12. If you don’t go to the meeting tomorrow, ____. (2006年重庆)
A. he will, too B. he won’t, either C. he does, too D. he doesn’t, either
解析:本题选D的学生较多,但我们稍稍留心就会发现这是考查条件状语从句,从句用了一般现在时,那么主句就用一般将来时,故选B。
拓展练习:
1. There are a lot ____ people today than yesterday.
A. of B. most C. / D. more
2. Shanghai is larger than ____ city in New Zealand.
A. any other B. other C. all other D. any
3. ——Where did you go last night? (2006年重庆)
—— I ____ to go to Li Lei’s birthday party.
A. asked B. am asked C. have been asked D. was asked
4. ——Who is singing in the next room?
——____ must be Maria.
A. It B. She C. This D. There
5. ——Again, my computer doesn’t work. (2009年杭州)
——____ must be something wrong with the CPU.
A. There B. That C. It D. This
6. We’ll go for a picnic if it ____ tomorrow. (2009年长春)
A. doesn’t rain B. rained C. won’t rain D. rains
7. They preferred ____ in bed rather than ____ horses. (2007年黑龙江)
A. to lie; riding B. lying; riding C. to lie; ride D. lying; ride
8. Believe yourself. You are better than ____. You are the best. Wish you success. (2008年黑龙江)
A. anyone else B. someone else C. else anyone
9. Nick ____ a job in a bank, but to our surprise, he didn’t take it. (2009年杭州)
A. is offered B. am offered C. was offered D. has offered
10. Can you imagine that ____ little ants can eat ____ many big worms. (2007年南京模拟)
A. so; so B. such; such C. such; so D. so; such
11. We must do everything we can ____ waste water from running into rivers. (2009年湖北孝感)
A. keep B. kept C. to keep D. keeping
12. He’ll use what he has ____ hera new dress. (2009年江苏无锡)
A. bought B. to buy C. buying D. been bought
13. Everyone except Tom and John ____ seen the film. (2009年烟台)
A. is B. has C. are D. have
14. I ____ to get there before seven tomorrow, so I’ll have to get up early. (2009年江西)
A. told B. have told C. will tell D. was told
15. ——Jolin, how long have you been a teacher as a pop star?
——____ the end of last month, after Jolin’s English Diary Book came out.
A. Since B. In C. By D. At
Key:1.D 2.D 3.D 4.A 5.A 6.A 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.C 11.C 12.B 13.B 14.D 15.A
1. ——Would you like some tea, please?
——Yes. I prefer tea ____ sugar. (2009年海南)
A. to B. for C. with
解析:初看此题,大部分学生会选择A, 因为它构成固定搭配prefer…to…。但我们仔细分析题干和语境可知,此题应该选C。句意是:我喜欢加糖的茶。
2. The doctor did what he could ____ the dying man. (2009江苏宿迁)
A. save B. to save C. saved D. saving
解析:此题选择A的考生较多,他们受思维定势影响,知道情态动词could后面接动词原形。其实,本题考查的是动词不定式作目的状语,选B。题意为:医生尽最大努力去抢救那个濒临死亡的人。
3. The life we were used to ____ greatly since 1980. (2009黔西南州)
A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed
解析:我们班多数学生对used to do sth., be used to doing sth.和be used to do sth.的用法应该说掌握得还算不错,但考下来误选的学生还是较多,大部分学生选A或C,部分学生选D。但我们只要仔细分析题干的句子结构就不难得出B是正确答案,The life是句子的主语,we were used to是主语的后置定语。题干的句意是:自从1980年以来,我们习惯了的生活发生了巨大变化。
4. These coats are different ____ size. (2007山东济南)
A. from B. of C. to D. in
解析:此题几乎没有学生答对,大家都不约而同地选A, 学生受短语be different from的思维定势从而很快作出了“正确”的判断。但学生只要把A答案中的from代入题干就知道“这些外套与尺寸不同”让人不知所云。此题选D, 题意是:这些外套大小不一。
5. I think it’s ____ useful advice, so I will always remember it. (2008年江苏南通)
A. a B. an C. the D. 不填
解析:此题答对率也相当低,差不多选A的学生和选B的学生持平,选B的学生说是看见了useful元音字母u, 选B的学生说useful中的字母u并没有发元音,而是发辅音。学生做题时只盯着useful中的u, 其实学生只要知道advice是不可数名词就不难得出本题答案是D。
6. ——You haven’t been to Beijing, have you?
——____. How I wish to go there! (2009年呼和浩特)
A. Yes, I have B. No, I haven’t C. Yes, I haven’t D. No, I haven’t
解析:此题考查反意疑问句的回答,基础好的优秀学生应该能选对。中等生可能也会误选C,这部分学生会按习惯把C答案中的Yes译为“是的”。其实,在回答反义疑问句时,如果事实是肯定的就用肯定回答,事实是否定的就用否定回答,这样我们只能在A, B中来选答案,从How I wish to go there!可知他没去过北京,故选B,句中的“No”译为“是的”。
7. About ____ the fans are waiting here. They want to see the great singer. (2009年河南模拟)
A. two thousand of B. two thousand C. thousand of D. two thousands of
解析:学生按经验就会迅速作出判断此题肯定选B,因为大部分学生知道hundred, thousand和million的用法,它们前面有具体数字修饰时不能用复数,后面有of是表示概数它们需要用复数。然而此题中有个定冠词the,句意就是:其中的约两千名粉丝正在这里等待,它们想看看这位伟大的歌手。故本题选A。
8. ——Whom would you like to be your assistant, Jack or David?
——If I had to choose, David would be ____ choice. (2007年江西)
A. good B. better C. the better D. the best
解析:绝大部分学生选了B,Jack和David两个比应该用比较级,比较级前面一般情况下不加定冠词the,但我们只要仔细推敲,就会发现在句末省略了of the two,这样本题选C。
9. ——Why did you leave your city last year?
——Because I ____ a new job in another city. (2009年成都)
A. offered B. am offered C. was offered
解析:受“人作主语用主动语态而物作主语用被动语态”思维定势影响误选A的学生很多,但只要细心领悟语境,此题应该用被动语态,选C。意为:因为在另一个城市别人为我提供了一个工作岗位(我是被提供)。
10. ——Excuse me, sir. Do you have the time?
——____. (2008年安徽)
A. Yes, I do B. No problem C. Half past twelve D. Certainly, I have
解析:此题选A的学生最多,其实Do you have the time?和Do you have time?的意思不同,前者意为:几点钟啦?后者则意为:你有空吗?知道了这点就容易得出本题答案是C。
11. ——Where did you go on holiday this summer? England?
——You are ____. We went on a 10-day trip to Paris. (2009年武汉)
A. fuuny B. right C. cool D. close
解析:不看语境只凭经验和语感此题容易选B,可能没有学生想到选D. close(关、亲密的),此题恰恰就选D,在这里close是形容词意为“接近的”。
12. If you don’t go to the meeting tomorrow, ____. (2006年重庆)
A. he will, too B. he won’t, either C. he does, too D. he doesn’t, either
解析:本题选D的学生较多,但我们稍稍留心就会发现这是考查条件状语从句,从句用了一般现在时,那么主句就用一般将来时,故选B。
拓展练习:
1. There are a lot ____ people today than yesterday.
A. of B. most C. / D. more
2. Shanghai is larger than ____ city in New Zealand.
A. any other B. other C. all other D. any
3. ——Where did you go last night? (2006年重庆)
—— I ____ to go to Li Lei’s birthday party.
A. asked B. am asked C. have been asked D. was asked
4. ——Who is singing in the next room?
——____ must be Maria.
A. It B. She C. This D. There
5. ——Again, my computer doesn’t work. (2009年杭州)
——____ must be something wrong with the CPU.
A. There B. That C. It D. This
6. We’ll go for a picnic if it ____ tomorrow. (2009年长春)
A. doesn’t rain B. rained C. won’t rain D. rains
7. They preferred ____ in bed rather than ____ horses. (2007年黑龙江)
A. to lie; riding B. lying; riding C. to lie; ride D. lying; ride
8. Believe yourself. You are better than ____. You are the best. Wish you success. (2008年黑龙江)
A. anyone else B. someone else C. else anyone
9. Nick ____ a job in a bank, but to our surprise, he didn’t take it. (2009年杭州)
A. is offered B. am offered C. was offered D. has offered
10. Can you imagine that ____ little ants can eat ____ many big worms. (2007年南京模拟)
A. so; so B. such; such C. such; so D. so; such
11. We must do everything we can ____ waste water from running into rivers. (2009年湖北孝感)
A. keep B. kept C. to keep D. keeping
12. He’ll use what he has ____ hera new dress. (2009年江苏无锡)
A. bought B. to buy C. buying D. been bought
13. Everyone except Tom and John ____ seen the film. (2009年烟台)
A. is B. has C. are D. have
14. I ____ to get there before seven tomorrow, so I’ll have to get up early. (2009年江西)
A. told B. have told C. will tell D. was told
15. ——Jolin, how long have you been a teacher as a pop star?
——____ the end of last month, after Jolin’s English Diary Book came out.
A. Since B. In C. By D. At
Key:1.D 2.D 3.D 4.A 5.A 6.A 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.C 11.C 12.B 13.B 14.D 15.A