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1《新工具》——培根(1561～1626)(英国)【内容缩写】《新工具》一书分为两卷。第一卷讨论制定归纳法的原理,第二卷讨论收集事实的方法。在第一卷中,培根提出了他的“四假相”论,认为阻碍我们认识自然、认识真理的情形有四种。第一是“种族假相”:人类由于自身本性的局限,常受一些习惯性的观念的蒙蔽;第二是“洞穴假相”:由具体的个人的局限而产生的一些错误观念;第三是“市场假相”:由于语言的含糊不清或意义不明使人们在交流中产生的一些错误观念。第四是“剧场假相”:由于盲目崇拜权威和迷信教条而产生的错误。
1 “New Tools” - Bacon (1561 ~ 1626) (UK) [Abbreviation of Contents] The “New Tools” book is divided into two volumes. The first volume discusses the principles for formulating induction, and the second discusses methods for collecting facts. In the first volume, Bacon proposed his theory of the “four pseudo-phases,” thinking that there are four situations that hinder our understanding of nature and the truth. The first is “racial hypocrisy ”: due to the limitations of human nature, human beings are often blinded by some habitual concepts; the second is “hole artifact”: some misconceptions arising from the limitations of specific individuals; The third is “market fakes”: some misconceptions caused by people’s ambiguity or meaning in the communication. The fourth is “Theatrical Fantasy.”: Errors arising from blind worship of authority and superstitious dogma.