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《论法的精神》不是一部容易理解的作品,甚至伏尔泰也觉得它像是一座迷宫。但是孟德斯鸠却宣称,这部作品是有设计的,或者说,隐藏着一个意图。因此寻找一个适当的切入点,对于解读这部复杂的作品显得至关重要,政体学说正是这样一个切入点。回顾孟德斯鸠之前的政体学说传统,亚里士多德、波利比乌斯和马基雅维里与孟德斯鸠联系最密切。而马基雅维里对孟德斯鸠的影响至为深远。由于马基雅维里的政体学说与罗马史有不可分割的联系,所以孟德斯鸠清除马基雅维里主义的任务不可避免地与为罗马“除魅”的任务交织在一起。在《论法的精神》中关于君主政体与专制政体的论述背后,实际上有一个隐蔽的政体,即法国君主政体,这才是孟德斯鸠政体学说关注的焦点。
The “spirit of law” is not an easy-to-understand piece of work. Even Voltaire thinks it looks like a maze. However, Montesquieu claimed that the work was designed or, in other words, concealed an intention. Therefore, to find a proper starting point is crucial for interpreting this complicated work. Political theory is just such an entry point. Reviewing Montesquieu’s pre-Politic traditions, Aristotle, Polibius and Machiavelli are most closely connected with Montesquieu. And Machiavelli’s influence on Montesquieu far-reaching. Because Machiavelli’s political doctrine was inextricably linked with the history of Rome, Montesquieu’s task of clearing Machiavellianism was inevitably intertwined with the task of Rome’s “disenchantment.” Behind the discourse on monarchy and authoritarianism in The Spirit of Law, there is actually a covert polity, the French monarchy, which is the focus of Montesquieu’s political doctrine.