论文部分内容阅读
1. 引言
英语是我国各类学校开设的主要教学科目之一。多年来,英语教学的方法不断改进,教学质量不断提高。但因为缺少真实的语言环境和应试的需要,学生对英语学习的恐惧远远多于兴趣,尤其是英语语法的学习。
《基础教育课程改革纲要(试行)》中明确要求教师在教学过程中“创设能引导学生主动参与的教育环境,激发学生的学习积极性,培养学生掌握和运用知识的态度和能力,使每个学生都能得到充分的发展”(钟启泉等,2001)。如何让语法教学变得生动有趣,情景教学法是非常不错的方法。情景教学是指在教学过程中有目的地引入或创设具有一定情绪色彩的、以形象为主体的生动、具体的场景,以引起学生一定的态度体验,帮助学生理解知识,使学生的心理机能得到发展的教学方法,其核心在于激发求知欲(杨妍,2009)。
2. 基于故事的语法课之探究
童话故事不仅是充满了想象的非写实性文体,而且也是一个可以激发想象和深层思维的教学文本(张利琴、常万里,2014)。现以限制性定语从句为例说明如何将其融入到故事当中进行教授。
Step 1 Warming up
Game: Who’s she?
(1) She was the girl who joined the army instead of her father.
Mulan.
(2) She was the princess who lived in the sea and wanted to have an eternal soul.
The Little Mermaid.
(3) She was the princess who wore the glass shoes for the prince’s dance party...
Cinderella.
【设计说明】竞猜游戏能激发学生好奇心并使他们立刻进入上课状态。
Step 2 Read the stories
A. Read the story of Mulan
(1) The matter which worried Mulan was that her father was too old to fight for the emperor.
(2) Mulan was a girl who joined the army instead of her father.
(3) Mulan bought the things that she needed for a long journey.
(4) Mulan was a girl whose hope was to go home after the war.
(5) She finally returned home and saw her family who she missed all the time.
B. Read the story of the Little Mermaid
(1) The Little Mermaid was a princess who wanted to have an eternal soul.
(2) The Little Mermaid lived in a palace in the sea whose roof was made of shells.
(3) The potion that was given by the sea witch could give her legs.
(4) She got a knife which she could use to kill the prince with.
(5) She didn’t want to kill the prince whom she loved so much and turned into sea foam.
C. Read the story of Cinderella
(1) Cinderella was a girl whose mother died when she was young.
(2) Cinderella was a girl that had to do too much housework every day.
(3) Cinderella attended the ball which was held in the palace.
(4) The prince picked up one glass shoe which Cinderella left in a hurry.
(5) It turned out that Cinderella was the girl that the prince looked for.
【设计说明】 刘润清认为,语言学习最重要的是输入,输入的质量是保证学生英语优质学习的基础(转引自熊建辉,2009)。本环节的每个故事都是由五个定语从句组成的。朗读使学生们在重温故事情节的同时又能充分感知定语从句的使用。
Step 3 Analyze and summarize
A. 定语从句
(1) 定义:在复合句中修饰名词或代词,起定语作用的从句。
(2) 先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
(3) 关系代词:引导定语从句的词,有that, who, whom, whose和which。 We still remember the cartoons (which we saw) when we were little children.
先行词 关系代词 定语从句
B. Analyze and summarize
(1) 当先行词是______,关系代词在定语从句中作______时,关系代词用________。
(2) 当先行词是______,关系代词在定语从句中作______时,关系代词用________,可_______。
(3) 当先行词是______,关系代词在定语从句中作______时,关系代词用________。
(4) 当先行词是______,关系代词在定语从句中作______时,关系代词用________,可_______。
(5) 当先行词是______,关系代词在定语从句中作______时,关系代词用________。
【设计说明】 先介绍定语从句相关的概念并解析定语从句的构成。接下来让学生观察句子并自主总结出关系代词that, who, whom, which和whose的用法。
Step 4 Practice
A. Fill in the blanks with the relative pronouns.
(1) Snow White was a princess _______ skin was as white as snow.
(2) After her mother died, the king married a new queen _______ was unkind to her.
(3) The queen had a mirror _______ was on the wall in her room.
(4) That was a magic mirror _______ could tell the queen whether she was the fairest of all.
B. One day the queen was told that Snow White was the fairest. The queen was so angry that she sent a huntsman to kill Snow White.
Look at the pictures and join the sentences.
(1) The huntsman was ordered to kill Snow White.
The huntsman finally set her free.
The huntsman ______________________________ finally set her free.
(2) Snow White ran into the deep forest and found a small cottage.
The cottage was the home of seven dwarfs.
Snow White ran into the deep forest and found a small cottage ___________________________________.
C. Translate
Then the queen disguised as an old hag _________ ________________(卖苹果的老太婆) and tricked Snow White to eat. Poor Snow White died.
D. Fill in the blanks
One day, a prince saw Snow White _________ lay in a glass coffin _______________________________(7个小矮人做的玻璃棺材). The prince ordered his servants to move her to a better place. Suddenly the bite of apple fell out of her mouth and she awoke. She married the prince _______________________________(爱上她的王子)and lived happily ever after. The queen _________ ___________________________(听到这个消息的皇后)was so angry that she fell down, dead.
【设计说明】 本环节练习形式多样,由词到句到篇章层层递进。练习1考查学生对关系代词的掌握情况。练习2考查学生是否能够判断出先行词并能够正确使用关系代词。练习3考查学生能否掌握定语从句的结构。
Step 5 Speaking
Talk about someone or something that is special in your life.
I still remember sb. /sth...
【设计说明】 在与教学内容相结合的基础上,教师所给的话题应能激发学生的兴趣和主动参与的热情(刘涛、夏飞华,2009)。本环节让学生结合自身经历造句,全面考查学生对定语从句的掌握。 Step 6 Summary
【设计说明】经过学习和练习后,让学生再次自我总结关系代词的用法,加深印象。
Step 7 Homework
(1) Find all the attributive clauses in the text.
(2) Finish Exercise 2 on page 29.
(3) Try to retell a story with the attributive clause.
【设计说明】作业1(必做))检测学生是否能在阅读文本中识别出定语从句。作业2(必)让学生通过完成课后练习查漏补缺。作业3(选做))全面考查学生运用定语从句写作的能力。
3. 结语
布鲁姆说:“成功的外语课堂教学应当在课内刨设更多的情境,让学生有机会运用已学到的语言材料。”本节课有两条主线,一是定语从句,二是memory。本节课选用的故事都是学生熟悉并喜爱的,因此他们能够很快进入到学习的状态,容易理解含有定语从句的句子,消除了学习新语法的畏难情绪。所有的练习均采用了小组竞赛的形式,整节课的氛围都是轻松活跃的,尤其是在Speaking的环节,学生的积极性和主动性被充分调动起来,造出了大量精彩的句子。本节课锻炼了学生的读、说、写的能力,效果非常理想。这节课几乎从始到终学生们都接触到定语从句,通过反复的呈现起到了潜移默化的作用。
基于故事的语法教学要选择学生熟悉的故事,既要交代清楚故事情节,又要保证句子的准确性和恰当性。创设贴近学生生活实际的真实情景,激发他们的求知欲和参与的热情。通过大量的语言感知发现和总结语法规律,锻炼和提升学生的思维能力,这些都是基于故事的语法教学的关键。
参考文献
[1] 刘涛, 夏飞华. 小组合作活动低效的原因及对策[J]. 中小学外语教学(中学篇), 2009(11).
[2] 熊建辉. 漫谈英语学习、教学与科研——北京外国语大学教授刘润清专访[J]. 世界教育信息,2009(07).
[3] 杨妍. 情境教学法在英语教学中的运用[J]. 科教文汇,2009(07).
[4] 张利琴,常万里. 提高中学英语童话阅读教学有效性的思考[J]. 中小学外语教学(中学篇), 2014(07).
[5] 钟启泉,张华. 为了中华民族的复兴 为了每位学生的发展:《基础教育课程改革纲要(试行)》解读[M]. 上海:华东师范大学出版社, 2001.
(作者单位:广西南宁市第八中学)
英语是我国各类学校开设的主要教学科目之一。多年来,英语教学的方法不断改进,教学质量不断提高。但因为缺少真实的语言环境和应试的需要,学生对英语学习的恐惧远远多于兴趣,尤其是英语语法的学习。
《基础教育课程改革纲要(试行)》中明确要求教师在教学过程中“创设能引导学生主动参与的教育环境,激发学生的学习积极性,培养学生掌握和运用知识的态度和能力,使每个学生都能得到充分的发展”(钟启泉等,2001)。如何让语法教学变得生动有趣,情景教学法是非常不错的方法。情景教学是指在教学过程中有目的地引入或创设具有一定情绪色彩的、以形象为主体的生动、具体的场景,以引起学生一定的态度体验,帮助学生理解知识,使学生的心理机能得到发展的教学方法,其核心在于激发求知欲(杨妍,2009)。
2. 基于故事的语法课之探究
童话故事不仅是充满了想象的非写实性文体,而且也是一个可以激发想象和深层思维的教学文本(张利琴、常万里,2014)。现以限制性定语从句为例说明如何将其融入到故事当中进行教授。
Step 1 Warming up
Game: Who’s she?
(1) She was the girl who joined the army instead of her father.
Mulan.
(2) She was the princess who lived in the sea and wanted to have an eternal soul.
The Little Mermaid.
(3) She was the princess who wore the glass shoes for the prince’s dance party...
Cinderella.
【设计说明】竞猜游戏能激发学生好奇心并使他们立刻进入上课状态。
Step 2 Read the stories
A. Read the story of Mulan
(1) The matter which worried Mulan was that her father was too old to fight for the emperor.
(2) Mulan was a girl who joined the army instead of her father.
(3) Mulan bought the things that she needed for a long journey.
(4) Mulan was a girl whose hope was to go home after the war.
(5) She finally returned home and saw her family who she missed all the time.
B. Read the story of the Little Mermaid
(1) The Little Mermaid was a princess who wanted to have an eternal soul.
(2) The Little Mermaid lived in a palace in the sea whose roof was made of shells.
(3) The potion that was given by the sea witch could give her legs.
(4) She got a knife which she could use to kill the prince with.
(5) She didn’t want to kill the prince whom she loved so much and turned into sea foam.
C. Read the story of Cinderella
(1) Cinderella was a girl whose mother died when she was young.
(2) Cinderella was a girl that had to do too much housework every day.
(3) Cinderella attended the ball which was held in the palace.
(4) The prince picked up one glass shoe which Cinderella left in a hurry.
(5) It turned out that Cinderella was the girl that the prince looked for.
【设计说明】 刘润清认为,语言学习最重要的是输入,输入的质量是保证学生英语优质学习的基础(转引自熊建辉,2009)。本环节的每个故事都是由五个定语从句组成的。朗读使学生们在重温故事情节的同时又能充分感知定语从句的使用。
Step 3 Analyze and summarize
A. 定语从句
(1) 定义:在复合句中修饰名词或代词,起定语作用的从句。
(2) 先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
(3) 关系代词:引导定语从句的词,有that, who, whom, whose和which。 We still remember the cartoons (which we saw) when we were little children.
先行词 关系代词 定语从句
B. Analyze and summarize
(1) 当先行词是______,关系代词在定语从句中作______时,关系代词用________。
(2) 当先行词是______,关系代词在定语从句中作______时,关系代词用________,可_______。
(3) 当先行词是______,关系代词在定语从句中作______时,关系代词用________。
(4) 当先行词是______,关系代词在定语从句中作______时,关系代词用________,可_______。
(5) 当先行词是______,关系代词在定语从句中作______时,关系代词用________。
【设计说明】 先介绍定语从句相关的概念并解析定语从句的构成。接下来让学生观察句子并自主总结出关系代词that, who, whom, which和whose的用法。
Step 4 Practice
A. Fill in the blanks with the relative pronouns.
(1) Snow White was a princess _______ skin was as white as snow.
(2) After her mother died, the king married a new queen _______ was unkind to her.
(3) The queen had a mirror _______ was on the wall in her room.
(4) That was a magic mirror _______ could tell the queen whether she was the fairest of all.
B. One day the queen was told that Snow White was the fairest. The queen was so angry that she sent a huntsman to kill Snow White.
Look at the pictures and join the sentences.
(1) The huntsman was ordered to kill Snow White.
The huntsman finally set her free.
The huntsman ______________________________ finally set her free.
(2) Snow White ran into the deep forest and found a small cottage.
The cottage was the home of seven dwarfs.
Snow White ran into the deep forest and found a small cottage ___________________________________.
C. Translate
Then the queen disguised as an old hag _________ ________________(卖苹果的老太婆) and tricked Snow White to eat. Poor Snow White died.
D. Fill in the blanks
One day, a prince saw Snow White _________ lay in a glass coffin _______________________________(7个小矮人做的玻璃棺材). The prince ordered his servants to move her to a better place. Suddenly the bite of apple fell out of her mouth and she awoke. She married the prince _______________________________(爱上她的王子)and lived happily ever after. The queen _________ ___________________________(听到这个消息的皇后)was so angry that she fell down, dead.
【设计说明】 本环节练习形式多样,由词到句到篇章层层递进。练习1考查学生对关系代词的掌握情况。练习2考查学生是否能够判断出先行词并能够正确使用关系代词。练习3考查学生能否掌握定语从句的结构。
Step 5 Speaking
Talk about someone or something that is special in your life.
I still remember sb. /sth...
【设计说明】 在与教学内容相结合的基础上,教师所给的话题应能激发学生的兴趣和主动参与的热情(刘涛、夏飞华,2009)。本环节让学生结合自身经历造句,全面考查学生对定语从句的掌握。 Step 6 Summary
【设计说明】经过学习和练习后,让学生再次自我总结关系代词的用法,加深印象。
Step 7 Homework
(1) Find all the attributive clauses in the text.
(2) Finish Exercise 2 on page 29.
(3) Try to retell a story with the attributive clause.
【设计说明】作业1(必做))检测学生是否能在阅读文本中识别出定语从句。作业2(必)让学生通过完成课后练习查漏补缺。作业3(选做))全面考查学生运用定语从句写作的能力。
3. 结语
布鲁姆说:“成功的外语课堂教学应当在课内刨设更多的情境,让学生有机会运用已学到的语言材料。”本节课有两条主线,一是定语从句,二是memory。本节课选用的故事都是学生熟悉并喜爱的,因此他们能够很快进入到学习的状态,容易理解含有定语从句的句子,消除了学习新语法的畏难情绪。所有的练习均采用了小组竞赛的形式,整节课的氛围都是轻松活跃的,尤其是在Speaking的环节,学生的积极性和主动性被充分调动起来,造出了大量精彩的句子。本节课锻炼了学生的读、说、写的能力,效果非常理想。这节课几乎从始到终学生们都接触到定语从句,通过反复的呈现起到了潜移默化的作用。
基于故事的语法教学要选择学生熟悉的故事,既要交代清楚故事情节,又要保证句子的准确性和恰当性。创设贴近学生生活实际的真实情景,激发他们的求知欲和参与的热情。通过大量的语言感知发现和总结语法规律,锻炼和提升学生的思维能力,这些都是基于故事的语法教学的关键。
参考文献
[1] 刘涛, 夏飞华. 小组合作活动低效的原因及对策[J]. 中小学外语教学(中学篇), 2009(11).
[2] 熊建辉. 漫谈英语学习、教学与科研——北京外国语大学教授刘润清专访[J]. 世界教育信息,2009(07).
[3] 杨妍. 情境教学法在英语教学中的运用[J]. 科教文汇,2009(07).
[4] 张利琴,常万里. 提高中学英语童话阅读教学有效性的思考[J]. 中小学外语教学(中学篇), 2014(07).
[5] 钟启泉,张华. 为了中华民族的复兴 为了每位学生的发展:《基础教育课程改革纲要(试行)》解读[M]. 上海:华东师范大学出版社, 2001.
(作者单位:广西南宁市第八中学)