论文部分内容阅读
"阅读"是英语学习中获得信息的一种手段，也是外语学习者必须掌握的一种基本技能，因此在各类考试中阅读题是必不可少。但这种阅读是在有限的时间内进行的，这就要求阅读者必须具有一定的速度和准确性。要想达到这个标准，必须改正不良的阅读方法和习惯，提高阅读效率。高考英语科对阅读能力的要求提高，主要体现在以下方面：阅读量加大、生词数增多、猜测词义分量加重、强化了语段、语篇分析。这不仅是对面临升学压力的高中生的一种挑战，同时也是对广大英语教师如何改进英语教学的一种挑战。如何提高学生阅读理解水平，以适应高考新的要求? 我认为在平时英语教学过程中，教师应根据高考阅读理解能力测试要求、试题特点，有意识地培养学生掌握阅读理解技能，是提高学生高考阅读理解水平及解题能力问题的关键所在，下面谈谈自己的一点体会和认识。
在目前的新课改背景下，提高高中生英语阅读技能一直是大家关注的焦点，学生掌握一定的阅读技能是解决这个问题的关键所在。平时在阅读过程中应该多注意以下几个方面问题：
一、善于抓住语篇的主题句
段落的构成有其内在的规律性，其中心思想往往通过段落中的主题句来体现。因此，掌握这一规律，迅速找出主题句，从而抓住中心思想，达到感知整个语段的目的，对提高阅读理解能力非常重要。
1．主题句在段落首句
As in China, the weather is different from area to area. In the north, the winters are long and hard, with snow for six months of the year. The temperatures can fall to - 60cc, that is 60cC below freezing. In the capital, Ottawa, the average of winter temperature is- 10cC, and in summer 21~C. The west coast of Canada is the warmest place in winter. The average January temperature is 3°C, and in July it is 18~C. Here it rains a lot every month of the year.
2．主题句在段落中间或尾句
"The lion! It must be the lion from the zoo! "Mrs Cousins was frightened. At that very moment the animal bent over the baby. Mrs Cousins held her breath, and her whole body went cold. The lion was smelling the face of the sleeping baby. Was it hungry7 What was it going to do？Thoughts rushed through her head. How could she get
the lion away from her baby? If she ran towards it, it might attack her. Worse still, it could even carry off the baby in its mouth. She looked around the kitchen for something to throw at the lion. Suddenly she had an idea. In the fridge there was a large leg of pork which she was planning to cook on Sunday. There was not a moment to lose. She picked up the leg of pork, went to the back door and opened it. The lion looked at her as she swung the pork in her hand so as to attract the lion’s attention.
"Here! Eat that! "she cried as she threw the leg of pork as far as she could onto the grass away from the table. The lion at once jumped off the table and ran to the meat. It picked it up in its mouth and carried it into the bushes.
Mrs Cousins ran to the table, picked up her baby in her arms, ran inside and shut the door.
3．段落無主题句
没有主题句的段落并非没有主题思想，它们的主题思想不是由段落中的某句话表示的，需要学生自己归纳总结。
Ten minutes later the police arrived. The lion could still be seen in the bushes eating the meat," Are you going to catch it yourselves, asked Mrs Cousins. No, not us! said one. "I think we’ll leave it to the experts." Before long, a truck stopped in front of her house. Two keepers from the zoo came into the house and looked into the garden. "
She looks quiet enough, doesn’t she?" said one of them. "But I think we’ll give her a shot, just to be safe." He took a long plastic pipe and fitted something into one end. Walking slowly across the grass he pointed the pipe at the lion and fired. The lion made a sudden angry noise and struggled to its feet. After a moment, it fell over and lay still. "We’ve just sent her to sleep, "said the keeper. "It’s easier to catch a sleeping lion than one that’s awake. "They put the lion in a strong cage and carried it to the truck.
本段的大意可概括为：The young lion was caught.
二、灵活利用词义猜测技巧
对于阅读理解中碰到的生词一般采用猜测的方法来解决(人名、地名、组织机构名除外)。词义猜测是提高阅读理解能力的一种最基本的方式，也是一种非常重要的方式方法。近年来，阅读理解题加大了分量，反映了高考加强对考生学习能力的考查。猜测词义的方法通常有两种，即根据上下文和构词法知识。具体来说，有以下方法：
1．根据定义或解释说明猜测词义：A resolute man is a person who once makes up his mind to do something; he won’t give it half way．
2．根据对比关系猜测词义：在but，however，yet，otherwise或though这些表示意义转折的词出现的句中，其前后的词有明显的对比关系。根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，很容易猜测词义，例如：Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean，his neck still remains grubby．
3．通過因果关系猜测词义：当表示因果关系的信息词出现在有生词的句中，就能够通过因果关系，依据已知部分，猜测出生词的词义，例如：
The river is so，turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow．
4．根据语篇逻辑关系及常识猜测词义：运用逻辑推理能力，自身的生活经验和常识，根据上下文能读懂的部分，有时要理解整个语段或语篇的逻辑关系，正确猜出词义，例如：
There must be solne support facilities as well，including roads to get to the hotel，electricity，sewers(阴沟) to handle waste，and water．
5．根据同等关系猜测词义：At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy．
6．根据列举的事例猜测词义：You can take any of the periodicals：The World Of English，Foreign Language Teaching in Schools，or English Learning．
7．根据构词法知识猜测词义：The American idea of the future is limited，however. It is the foreseeable future and not the future of involving (牵连)many centuries．
三、正确判断和推理
推理判断题是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，作出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的深层意义或隐含意义的过程。推理判断题在阅读中属于难度较高的题型，是考查学生通过文章表面文字信息进行分析、综合、归纳等逻辑推理的能力。推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，要求考生在遵循原文意义的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，揭示其深层含义。常出现的推理题有逻辑推理，知识推理等。推理判断题要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，掌握文章的真正内涵。(1)要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础；(2)要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表入里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全；(3)要忠实于原文，不能主观臆想，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点；(4)要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展的方向，悟出作者的弦外之音。
总之，阅读技能的培养和提高对于高中英语课堂教学有着重要的理论价值。但英语阅读技能的培养和提高是一个长期积累的过程，需要在老师正确有效的策略和方法指导下，通过对学生们的强化训练，得以循序渐进的改善和提高，从而获得更为显著的效果。
在目前的新课改背景下，提高高中生英语阅读技能一直是大家关注的焦点，学生掌握一定的阅读技能是解决这个问题的关键所在。平时在阅读过程中应该多注意以下几个方面问题：
一、善于抓住语篇的主题句
段落的构成有其内在的规律性，其中心思想往往通过段落中的主题句来体现。因此，掌握这一规律，迅速找出主题句，从而抓住中心思想，达到感知整个语段的目的，对提高阅读理解能力非常重要。
1．主题句在段落首句
As in China, the weather is different from area to area. In the north, the winters are long and hard, with snow for six months of the year. The temperatures can fall to - 60cc, that is 60cC below freezing. In the capital, Ottawa, the average of winter temperature is- 10cC, and in summer 21~C. The west coast of Canada is the warmest place in winter. The average January temperature is 3°C, and in July it is 18~C. Here it rains a lot every month of the year.
2．主题句在段落中间或尾句
"The lion! It must be the lion from the zoo! "Mrs Cousins was frightened. At that very moment the animal bent over the baby. Mrs Cousins held her breath, and her whole body went cold. The lion was smelling the face of the sleeping baby. Was it hungry7 What was it going to do？Thoughts rushed through her head. How could she get
the lion away from her baby? If she ran towards it, it might attack her. Worse still, it could even carry off the baby in its mouth. She looked around the kitchen for something to throw at the lion. Suddenly she had an idea. In the fridge there was a large leg of pork which she was planning to cook on Sunday. There was not a moment to lose. She picked up the leg of pork, went to the back door and opened it. The lion looked at her as she swung the pork in her hand so as to attract the lion’s attention.
"Here! Eat that! "she cried as she threw the leg of pork as far as she could onto the grass away from the table. The lion at once jumped off the table and ran to the meat. It picked it up in its mouth and carried it into the bushes.
Mrs Cousins ran to the table, picked up her baby in her arms, ran inside and shut the door.
3．段落無主题句
没有主题句的段落并非没有主题思想，它们的主题思想不是由段落中的某句话表示的，需要学生自己归纳总结。
Ten minutes later the police arrived. The lion could still be seen in the bushes eating the meat," Are you going to catch it yourselves, asked Mrs Cousins. No, not us! said one. "I think we’ll leave it to the experts." Before long, a truck stopped in front of her house. Two keepers from the zoo came into the house and looked into the garden. "
She looks quiet enough, doesn’t she?" said one of them. "But I think we’ll give her a shot, just to be safe." He took a long plastic pipe and fitted something into one end. Walking slowly across the grass he pointed the pipe at the lion and fired. The lion made a sudden angry noise and struggled to its feet. After a moment, it fell over and lay still. "We’ve just sent her to sleep, "said the keeper. "It’s easier to catch a sleeping lion than one that’s awake. "They put the lion in a strong cage and carried it to the truck.
本段的大意可概括为：The young lion was caught.
二、灵活利用词义猜测技巧
对于阅读理解中碰到的生词一般采用猜测的方法来解决(人名、地名、组织机构名除外)。词义猜测是提高阅读理解能力的一种最基本的方式，也是一种非常重要的方式方法。近年来，阅读理解题加大了分量，反映了高考加强对考生学习能力的考查。猜测词义的方法通常有两种，即根据上下文和构词法知识。具体来说，有以下方法：
1．根据定义或解释说明猜测词义：A resolute man is a person who once makes up his mind to do something; he won’t give it half way．
2．根据对比关系猜测词义：在but，however，yet，otherwise或though这些表示意义转折的词出现的句中，其前后的词有明显的对比关系。根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，很容易猜测词义，例如：Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean，his neck still remains grubby．
3．通過因果关系猜测词义：当表示因果关系的信息词出现在有生词的句中，就能够通过因果关系，依据已知部分，猜测出生词的词义，例如：
The river is so，turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow．
4．根据语篇逻辑关系及常识猜测词义：运用逻辑推理能力，自身的生活经验和常识，根据上下文能读懂的部分，有时要理解整个语段或语篇的逻辑关系，正确猜出词义，例如：
There must be solne support facilities as well，including roads to get to the hotel，electricity，sewers(阴沟) to handle waste，and water．
5．根据同等关系猜测词义：At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy．
6．根据列举的事例猜测词义：You can take any of the periodicals：The World Of English，Foreign Language Teaching in Schools，or English Learning．
7．根据构词法知识猜测词义：The American idea of the future is limited，however. It is the foreseeable future and not the future of involving (牵连)many centuries．
三、正确判断和推理
推理判断题是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，作出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的深层意义或隐含意义的过程。推理判断题在阅读中属于难度较高的题型，是考查学生通过文章表面文字信息进行分析、综合、归纳等逻辑推理的能力。推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，要求考生在遵循原文意义的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，揭示其深层含义。常出现的推理题有逻辑推理，知识推理等。推理判断题要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，掌握文章的真正内涵。(1)要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础；(2)要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表入里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全；(3)要忠实于原文，不能主观臆想，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点；(4)要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展的方向，悟出作者的弦外之音。
总之，阅读技能的培养和提高对于高中英语课堂教学有着重要的理论价值。但英语阅读技能的培养和提高是一个长期积累的过程，需要在老师正确有效的策略和方法指导下，通过对学生们的强化训练，得以循序渐进的改善和提高，从而获得更为显著的效果。