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【摘要】改错题是遵义市英语中考的必考题型,共计8分。它对考生的语言综合知识运用进行全面考查,由于面广、语境设置强,致使考生丢分率高。为了取得理想的成绩,加强对复习策略的指导是很有必要的。本文结合《课程标准》、《考试说明》和自己多年的教学实际,从十二个方面进行常见错误归纳和分析。
【关键词】中考;改错题;归纳;分析
一、非谓语动词错误
非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词、动名词3种形式。
动词不定式在句中主要作宾语、宾语补足语、主语、定语或状语;分词指现在分词和过去分词,现在分词表动作正在进行,过去分词表被动;动名词主要用在介词和某些特殊动词之后,如:
(1)Jim and his parents enjoy live in China very much.
「分析」live改为living,living是动名词,作动词enjoy的宾语。
(2) I don't know how spelling the word .
「分析」spelling改为to spell,疑问词 + to do sth.作动词 know 的宾语。
二、句法错误
1、并列连词的混用。
并列连词常用的主要有:and, but, while, or, either…or…, so, for等。如:
(1) He has been to many interesting places in Beijing,and he has not yet been to many other parts of China.
「分析」根据行文逻辑,表示并列关系的and 应改为表示转折关系的but.
(2) Do it yourself but ask somebody else to do it.
「分析」根据行文逻辑,表示转折关系的but 应改为表示选择关系的or.
(3) Her mother is ill, but she has to stay at home and look after her .
「分析」根据行文逻辑,表示转折关系的But 应改为表示因果关系的So.
2、 连接词的用法错误。
这类错误考查句子与句子之间的关系。连接词的使用错误往往会使句子的逻辑关系发生改变,甚至造成句子的语义逻辑混乱。要想把这类错误纠正出来, 需要学生对上下文有总体的理解,头脑中有个大概的框架。如:
(1) They had a wonderful train ride to Chengdu after they went on to Mount Emei by bus.
「分析」根据句子的意思将after改为before,表示“他们坐汽车去峨眉山之前,愉快地坐火车先到了成都”。
(2) It's different from how people think.
「分析」将how 改为what,what people think是一个宾语从句,疑问代词what在从句中充当宾语,有“……的”之意。
三、时态与语态错误
1、时态错误。
时态错误几乎是改错题中必设的改错题类。要有目的地去检查句中的每一个谓语动词的时态与语境以及该句的时间状语是否相符和一致。
(1) “You are my younger brother. You had it at first.”
「分析」had 改为have,因为这是一个一般现在时态的句子。
(2) Last week he goes to Mount Emei in Sichuan Province with his family.
「分析」goes改为went,与一般过去时态的时间状语last week保持一致
2、语态错误。
汉语表达习惯上有时不加“被”字也能表示被动意义,因而有些学生对被动语态不敏感。如:
(1) “Thousands of trees must be plant every year,” he said.
「分析」plant改为planted,构成被动语态。
(2) The workers were made work all day by boss .
「分析」work 应改为 to work,因为这是一个被动句,省掉to 的不定式的句子变为被动语态时,需要还原 to 。
四、一致性错误
1、主谓一致。
句子的主语和谓语在人称和数上不一致是改错题型中最为常见的。如:
(1) This were because there was no machine allowing a person to breathe under water for a long time.
「分析」指示代词this作主语,谓语动词用单数,因此将were改为was.
(2) The people in my hometown is friendly.
「分析」people作主语时,谓语动词必须用复数,因此将is改为are.
2、名词单、复数与其修饰词或上下文保持一致。
名词的单、复数与其修饰词语或上下文不一致也是中考常设的改错题。做这类题目时要注意名词是否与其修饰语一致。如:
(1) The animals are useful to the desert people in many way. 「分析」名词way改为ways,与前面的修饰词many一致。
(2) As he explored the sea, he took pictures and videos of many thing that people had never seen before.
「分析」thing改为things,与前面的修饰词many一致。有的名词一般不用复数形式,但受到某些量词,如many, several, a number of, a lot of等修饰时,要变成复数形式。
3、代词与其修饰的名词或其先行词保持一致。
(1) Too many trees have been cut this years.
「分析」this改为these,与后面的复数名词years保持一致。
(2) They use camels for carrying water, food, tents and another things.
「分析」another改为other,因为another常修饰单数可数名词 。代词的主要功能是指代前面出现过的名词、词组或一个意群,因此代词一定要同它所指代的词在单复数、格或人称上保持一致,这是代词改错的核心。
(3) He bought a ship and used them to explore under the sea.
「分析」them改为it,指代前面的单数名词 a ship.
五、固定搭配错误
(1) Tom was very interested on diving deep into the sea, …
「分析」on改为 in,固定词组be interested in…表示“在……(方面)有兴趣”。这是一个介词(固定搭配) 方面的错误,介词的误用主要指介词与动词、形容词、名词的搭配、介词惯用词组等方面产生的错误。
(2) On my way home, I found an old man walking in the front of me.
「分析」介词短语in the front of 表示“在某物体内部的前部”,而in front of 则表示“在某物体外部的前面”。
(3) And the boy ran quickly that his mother couldn't catch up with him.
「分析」在ran与quickly两词之间加so.
六、易混词错误
1、混淆词性的错误。
词性错误主要表现在形容词、名词、副词的误用上。学生做这类改错题,要根据词在句中所处的位置来确定其词性是否正确。一般说来,形容词修饰名 词,副词修饰动词,副词修饰形容词。如:
(1) The animals are use to the desert people in many ways.
「分析」use改为useful,useful是形容词,作表语。
(2) The Chinese people are friend.
「分析」friend改为friendly,friendly是形容词,作表语。
2、混淆词义的错误。
英语中有很多词在拼写上、语义上很相似,但是它们的用法却迥然不同。如:
(1) They must always watch for grass or plants for their animals.
「分析」watch 改为look.两个动词都表示“看”的意思,但前者表示“很注意地”看,后者与介词for 连用有“寻找”之意。
(2) The wind was blowing so hardly.
「分析」hardly改为hard,这两个词词形很接近,但它们表达的是不同的意思,hardly是否定副词,有“几乎不”的意思,而hard 则表示“猛烈地”之意。
3、混淆用法的错误。
还有一些在意义,概念上容易混淆、用错的词,如:such 与so, ago与before, as与like, many 与much等。如:
(1) Too much trees have been cut these years, making the sandstorm problem worse.
「分析」much改为many,前者常用来修饰不可数名词,后者修饰可数名词。
4、 短暂性与延续性动词的混用。
短暂性动词的完成时态不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用,当它需要与表示一段时间的时间状语连用时,通常要进行转化,转化形式为:begin—be on, buy—have,come—be, die—be dead, borrow—keep, leave—be away(from) 等。如:
(1) The film has begun for half an hour.
「分析」begun 为短暂性动词,应改为延续性动词 been on.
(2) My grandfather has died for ten years.
「分析」died 为短暂性动词,应改为延续性动词 been dead
七、时态错误
动词的时态要与时间状语或上下文的时态保持一致。
(1) Last Sunday, police cars hurry to the tallest building in New York. 「分析」Last Sunday表明该句应用一般过去时,所以hurry应改为hurried.
(2) I use to play ping—pong a lot in my spare time, but now I am interested in football.
「分析」从“but now”的逻辑性可看出,“现在我对足球感兴趣,打乒乓球是在过去”,所以use应改为used.
八、主谓一致与平行结构
1、主谓一致;
谓语动词的单复数形式要与句子的主语保持一致。
(1) Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrow them.
「分析」it为单数,且根据句子前面的时态可知为一般现在时,所以cost应改为costs.
(2) Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library.
「分析」my picture and the prize为复数,所以is应改为are.
2、平行结构;
在表达相互平行的概念时,要使用相同的语法结构,即动词与动词相配,形容词与形容词相配,分词与分词相配,不定式与不定式相配。平行结构常借助 于and, but, or, not only…but also… 等连词。例如:
(1) There is no water and air on the moon.
「分析」在否定句中,并列成分的列举用 or 不用 and.故将 and 改为 or.
(2) Li Ping is too young that he can't join the army.
「分析」so…that… 意为“如此……以致”,为固定句式,故将too改为so.
九、介词错误
介词在单句改错中主要考查介词与动词或副词的误用,以及在固定结构和习惯用法中的多余与遗漏。例如:
(1) There are too many people among my family.
「分析」among后应接复数名词,而family为单数名词,所以among应改为in.
(2) His father worked in a farm two years ago.
「分析」in a farm 应改为on a farm.
(3) She has studied Japanese in five years.
「分析」介词in 应改为for
十、形容词与副词错误
在单句改错中,形容词和副词的设错主要用来考查学生是否能根据形容词、副词在句中的位置及其他词的修饰与被修饰关系来判断词的正确使用形式,是 否能辨别形容词和副词的混淆使用,形容词的比较等级是否使用正确等。如:
(1) This box is very heavier than that one.
「分析」比较级前面一般不能用very,so,too,quite等作修饰词,但为了表示比较级的程度,可以用much,a lot,a little,a bit,even,still等作修饰词,所以将句中的very去掉或将其改为much等。
(2) They made people healthier and live long.
「分析」long改为比较级形式longer,与healthier是平行结构。
(3)He is taller than any student in his class.
「分析」同一范围内,形容词的比较级必须把自己排除掉,即自己不能与自己相比,故需在 any 后加 other.
十一、代词错误
代词的错误主要表现在是用宾格、主格还是所有格,是用反身代词还是物主代词等;代词所指代的内容要与先行词在性和数方面保持一致,要与其自身的 指代在意义上保持一致。例如:
(1) The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.
「分析」the Smiths意为“史密斯一家人”,根据主语为复数,his应改为their.
(2) My parents all went to see a film last night.
「分析」all 应改为 both .
十二、冠词错误
冠词是英语中特有的词类。由于汉语中没有与之相对的词,所以冠词的考查一直是中考的热点。冠词的常见考点有:不定冠词a, an与定冠词的误用;冠词的泛指与特指;固定搭配和习惯用法中冠词的有无等。
(1) As everyone knows, it's famous mountain with all kinds of plants and animals.
「分析」根据语境,该句含义为“众所周知,这是一座名山,上面有着各种动植物”,因此famous前应加不定冠词a.
(2) He is one of best basketball players in our class.
「分析」best 应改为 the best .
(3) A sun rises in the east .
「分析」A应改为The
参考文献:
[1] 《遵义市2011年初中毕业生学业(升学)考试英语科实施意见》 遵义市教育科学研究所 2011.3
[2] 《中考复习全攻略》 伟佳 齐鲁电子音像出版社 济南 2010.9
[3] 《名师点拨——遵义2011年中考》陕西师范大学出版社 西安 2011.1
【关键词】中考;改错题;归纳;分析
一、非谓语动词错误
非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词、动名词3种形式。
动词不定式在句中主要作宾语、宾语补足语、主语、定语或状语;分词指现在分词和过去分词,现在分词表动作正在进行,过去分词表被动;动名词主要用在介词和某些特殊动词之后,如:
(1)Jim and his parents enjoy live in China very much.
「分析」live改为living,living是动名词,作动词enjoy的宾语。
(2) I don't know how spelling the word .
「分析」spelling改为to spell,疑问词 + to do sth.作动词 know 的宾语。
二、句法错误
1、并列连词的混用。
并列连词常用的主要有:and, but, while, or, either…or…, so, for等。如:
(1) He has been to many interesting places in Beijing,and he has not yet been to many other parts of China.
「分析」根据行文逻辑,表示并列关系的and 应改为表示转折关系的but.
(2) Do it yourself but ask somebody else to do it.
「分析」根据行文逻辑,表示转折关系的but 应改为表示选择关系的or.
(3) Her mother is ill, but she has to stay at home and look after her .
「分析」根据行文逻辑,表示转折关系的But 应改为表示因果关系的So.
2、 连接词的用法错误。
这类错误考查句子与句子之间的关系。连接词的使用错误往往会使句子的逻辑关系发生改变,甚至造成句子的语义逻辑混乱。要想把这类错误纠正出来, 需要学生对上下文有总体的理解,头脑中有个大概的框架。如:
(1) They had a wonderful train ride to Chengdu after they went on to Mount Emei by bus.
「分析」根据句子的意思将after改为before,表示“他们坐汽车去峨眉山之前,愉快地坐火车先到了成都”。
(2) It's different from how people think.
「分析」将how 改为what,what people think是一个宾语从句,疑问代词what在从句中充当宾语,有“……的”之意。
三、时态与语态错误
1、时态错误。
时态错误几乎是改错题中必设的改错题类。要有目的地去检查句中的每一个谓语动词的时态与语境以及该句的时间状语是否相符和一致。
(1) “You are my younger brother. You had it at first.”
「分析」had 改为have,因为这是一个一般现在时态的句子。
(2) Last week he goes to Mount Emei in Sichuan Province with his family.
「分析」goes改为went,与一般过去时态的时间状语last week保持一致
2、语态错误。
汉语表达习惯上有时不加“被”字也能表示被动意义,因而有些学生对被动语态不敏感。如:
(1) “Thousands of trees must be plant every year,” he said.
「分析」plant改为planted,构成被动语态。
(2) The workers were made work all day by boss .
「分析」work 应改为 to work,因为这是一个被动句,省掉to 的不定式的句子变为被动语态时,需要还原 to 。
四、一致性错误
1、主谓一致。
句子的主语和谓语在人称和数上不一致是改错题型中最为常见的。如:
(1) This were because there was no machine allowing a person to breathe under water for a long time.
「分析」指示代词this作主语,谓语动词用单数,因此将were改为was.
(2) The people in my hometown is friendly.
「分析」people作主语时,谓语动词必须用复数,因此将is改为are.
2、名词单、复数与其修饰词或上下文保持一致。
名词的单、复数与其修饰词语或上下文不一致也是中考常设的改错题。做这类题目时要注意名词是否与其修饰语一致。如:
(1) The animals are useful to the desert people in many way. 「分析」名词way改为ways,与前面的修饰词many一致。
(2) As he explored the sea, he took pictures and videos of many thing that people had never seen before.
「分析」thing改为things,与前面的修饰词many一致。有的名词一般不用复数形式,但受到某些量词,如many, several, a number of, a lot of等修饰时,要变成复数形式。
3、代词与其修饰的名词或其先行词保持一致。
(1) Too many trees have been cut this years.
「分析」this改为these,与后面的复数名词years保持一致。
(2) They use camels for carrying water, food, tents and another things.
「分析」another改为other,因为another常修饰单数可数名词 。代词的主要功能是指代前面出现过的名词、词组或一个意群,因此代词一定要同它所指代的词在单复数、格或人称上保持一致,这是代词改错的核心。
(3) He bought a ship and used them to explore under the sea.
「分析」them改为it,指代前面的单数名词 a ship.
五、固定搭配错误
(1) Tom was very interested on diving deep into the sea, …
「分析」on改为 in,固定词组be interested in…表示“在……(方面)有兴趣”。这是一个介词(固定搭配) 方面的错误,介词的误用主要指介词与动词、形容词、名词的搭配、介词惯用词组等方面产生的错误。
(2) On my way home, I found an old man walking in the front of me.
「分析」介词短语in the front of 表示“在某物体内部的前部”,而in front of 则表示“在某物体外部的前面”。
(3) And the boy ran quickly that his mother couldn't catch up with him.
「分析」在ran与quickly两词之间加so.
六、易混词错误
1、混淆词性的错误。
词性错误主要表现在形容词、名词、副词的误用上。学生做这类改错题,要根据词在句中所处的位置来确定其词性是否正确。一般说来,形容词修饰名 词,副词修饰动词,副词修饰形容词。如:
(1) The animals are use to the desert people in many ways.
「分析」use改为useful,useful是形容词,作表语。
(2) The Chinese people are friend.
「分析」friend改为friendly,friendly是形容词,作表语。
2、混淆词义的错误。
英语中有很多词在拼写上、语义上很相似,但是它们的用法却迥然不同。如:
(1) They must always watch for grass or plants for their animals.
「分析」watch 改为look.两个动词都表示“看”的意思,但前者表示“很注意地”看,后者与介词for 连用有“寻找”之意。
(2) The wind was blowing so hardly.
「分析」hardly改为hard,这两个词词形很接近,但它们表达的是不同的意思,hardly是否定副词,有“几乎不”的意思,而hard 则表示“猛烈地”之意。
3、混淆用法的错误。
还有一些在意义,概念上容易混淆、用错的词,如:such 与so, ago与before, as与like, many 与much等。如:
(1) Too much trees have been cut these years, making the sandstorm problem worse.
「分析」much改为many,前者常用来修饰不可数名词,后者修饰可数名词。
4、 短暂性与延续性动词的混用。
短暂性动词的完成时态不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用,当它需要与表示一段时间的时间状语连用时,通常要进行转化,转化形式为:begin—be on, buy—have,come—be, die—be dead, borrow—keep, leave—be away(from) 等。如:
(1) The film has begun for half an hour.
「分析」begun 为短暂性动词,应改为延续性动词 been on.
(2) My grandfather has died for ten years.
「分析」died 为短暂性动词,应改为延续性动词 been dead
七、时态错误
动词的时态要与时间状语或上下文的时态保持一致。
(1) Last Sunday, police cars hurry to the tallest building in New York. 「分析」Last Sunday表明该句应用一般过去时,所以hurry应改为hurried.
(2) I use to play ping—pong a lot in my spare time, but now I am interested in football.
「分析」从“but now”的逻辑性可看出,“现在我对足球感兴趣,打乒乓球是在过去”,所以use应改为used.
八、主谓一致与平行结构
1、主谓一致;
谓语动词的单复数形式要与句子的主语保持一致。
(1) Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrow them.
「分析」it为单数,且根据句子前面的时态可知为一般现在时,所以cost应改为costs.
(2) Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library.
「分析」my picture and the prize为复数,所以is应改为are.
2、平行结构;
在表达相互平行的概念时,要使用相同的语法结构,即动词与动词相配,形容词与形容词相配,分词与分词相配,不定式与不定式相配。平行结构常借助 于and, but, or, not only…but also… 等连词。例如:
(1) There is no water and air on the moon.
「分析」在否定句中,并列成分的列举用 or 不用 and.故将 and 改为 or.
(2) Li Ping is too young that he can't join the army.
「分析」so…that… 意为“如此……以致”,为固定句式,故将too改为so.
九、介词错误
介词在单句改错中主要考查介词与动词或副词的误用,以及在固定结构和习惯用法中的多余与遗漏。例如:
(1) There are too many people among my family.
「分析」among后应接复数名词,而family为单数名词,所以among应改为in.
(2) His father worked in a farm two years ago.
「分析」in a farm 应改为on a farm.
(3) She has studied Japanese in five years.
「分析」介词in 应改为for
十、形容词与副词错误
在单句改错中,形容词和副词的设错主要用来考查学生是否能根据形容词、副词在句中的位置及其他词的修饰与被修饰关系来判断词的正确使用形式,是 否能辨别形容词和副词的混淆使用,形容词的比较等级是否使用正确等。如:
(1) This box is very heavier than that one.
「分析」比较级前面一般不能用very,so,too,quite等作修饰词,但为了表示比较级的程度,可以用much,a lot,a little,a bit,even,still等作修饰词,所以将句中的very去掉或将其改为much等。
(2) They made people healthier and live long.
「分析」long改为比较级形式longer,与healthier是平行结构。
(3)He is taller than any student in his class.
「分析」同一范围内,形容词的比较级必须把自己排除掉,即自己不能与自己相比,故需在 any 后加 other.
十一、代词错误
代词的错误主要表现在是用宾格、主格还是所有格,是用反身代词还是物主代词等;代词所指代的内容要与先行词在性和数方面保持一致,要与其自身的 指代在意义上保持一致。例如:
(1) The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.
「分析」the Smiths意为“史密斯一家人”,根据主语为复数,his应改为their.
(2) My parents all went to see a film last night.
「分析」all 应改为 both .
十二、冠词错误
冠词是英语中特有的词类。由于汉语中没有与之相对的词,所以冠词的考查一直是中考的热点。冠词的常见考点有:不定冠词a, an与定冠词的误用;冠词的泛指与特指;固定搭配和习惯用法中冠词的有无等。
(1) As everyone knows, it's famous mountain with all kinds of plants and animals.
「分析」根据语境,该句含义为“众所周知,这是一座名山,上面有着各种动植物”,因此famous前应加不定冠词a.
(2) He is one of best basketball players in our class.
「分析」best 应改为 the best .
(3) A sun rises in the east .
「分析」A应改为The
参考文献:
[1] 《遵义市2011年初中毕业生学业(升学)考试英语科实施意见》 遵义市教育科学研究所 2011.3
[2] 《中考复习全攻略》 伟佳 齐鲁电子音像出版社 济南 2010.9
[3] 《名师点拨——遵义2011年中考》陕西师范大学出版社 西安 2011.1