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内容摘要:本篇针对目前高中生中普遍存在的英语写作焦虑现状,结合高考考纲及作文要求,提出了若干可行的应对方法及策略。
关键词:高中生;高考;英语;考场作文
G633.41
每次英语测验后,很多学生看到自己的英语作文得分都会望分兴叹——“又是惨不忍睹啊!”“每考一次,就被打击一次。长此以往,我还敢写作文吗?”“我该怎么写作文?不会写作文啊……”作为英语教师,您一定没少听过学生心底痛苦无助的抱怨吧?这时候您是怎样帮助学生从根本上解决痛苦的呢?
有的老师建议学生背诵作文模板,考试时利用作文模板写三段式作文,稳当。这固然用心良苦,但多半学生只记住了几个关联词,由于没有教师的系统指导和科学的训练,或者所谓的万用句式结构学生根本没有关注和掌握,更谈不上灵活运用了,已而收效寥寥。下面笔者将就高中英语考场作文写作和大家探讨交流。
既然是考场作文,我们先来看看评估标准。我们以高考英语作文评分标准为参照,内容如下:
1.本题总分为25分,按5个档次给分。
2.评分时,先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次,然后以该档次的要求来衡量,确定或调整档次,最后给分。
3.词数少于80和多于120的,从总分中减去2分。
4.评分时,应注意的主要内容为:内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性、上下文的连贯性及语言的得体性。
5.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面,评分时,应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写词汇用法均可接受。
6.如书写较差,以至影响交际,将分数降低一个档次。
而能被评入最高一档即第五档(21-25分)的作文应具备以下条件:
1.完全完成了试题规定的任务。
2.覆盖所有内容要点。
3.应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。
4.语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致;具备较强的语言运用能力。
5. 有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。
6. 完全达到了预期的写作目的。
考场之中时间有限,资源全凭学生个人所学,考试氛围严肃,学生当然压力山大,在如此种种限制之中,怎样才能完成一篇能评为五档的作文呢?俗话说“台上一分钟,台下十年功”。考场上的作文优势也是从平时的练习中积累而来的。想速成而不稳扎基础,往往欲速则不达。以下是笔者的建议:
第一,流利工整干净的书写。英语书写也有讲究,外国人也觉得‘Writing style shows the man’(字如其人)。
第二,题中的要点依次覆盖,字数适中。有的考生在作文时可能会因为不想超字数而撇去要点,这样只会得不偿失。要点无论如何也不可省略,字数的问题可以通过合并句子或者扩充句子来调整。字数不够会让人觉得你无话可说,没有容量;太多又容易累赘,况且未免说多错多,还是适度为宜。
第三,注意段落之间的联系,并使用起承转合的词句,是文章前后呼应,结构清晰,脉络相连。比如表示时间前后的词有first of all, in the first place, to begin with, but later on, first, second, last but not least, but soon等;举例可用for example, for instance, for one thing, for another, namely, such as等;结束时可总结提示to sum up, to summarize, in a word, in brief, On the whole等。
第四,尽可能使用更高级的词汇和更客观的表达。比如同样要表达富裕的意思,用rich和用well-off或prosperous显然会受到不同的看待。而在阐述观点时一个动不动就抛出一个“I believe…”的文章显然不如“The authority suggested that…”来得讨人喜欢。
第五,变换句式结构。简单句和复合句交替穿插使用。有的考生为了求保险不出错,整篇都是中规中矩的主谓顺序,或者主谓宾,再加状语。错是没有,但文章不出彩,最终档次上不去,也得不了高分。其实只要稍微调整一下即可让人眼前一亮。
除此之外,还可适当应用倒装句,强调句,名词性从句,定语从句等等来改变单一呈现主谓顺序语句的形式,从而使文章丰富多彩,花样翻新。我们以名词性从句为例,What we had to do was to stand there, trying to catch the offender.显然比使用We had to stand here to catch the offender更夺人眼球。
第六,平时注意积累背诵一些经典句型,多尝试使用到写作练习中。比如It +谓语+时间段 +before +主语 +谓语(before引导的是时间状语从句);When/ So long as/ As long as/ Once +从句,+主句;No sooner + had +主语 +done…than +主语 + did;倍数的表达句型;
形容词、副词、名词 + as/though + 主语 +谓语 +主句等等。
第七,應用谚语或名人名言。如:A bird in the hand is worth than two in the bush. 一鸟在手胜过双鸟在林。A cat may look at a king.人人平等。A friend in need is a friend indeed.患難见真情。Do as the Romans do.入乡随俗。Do it now.机不可失,时不再来。让大家都帮你说话是不是比你一个人干巴巴地呼喊更有说服力呢? 最后,平时勤加练习,反复思考推敲。众所周知,熟能生巧嘛!建议一周不要少于一篇写作练习,两到三篇为宜,多则泛滥,恐怕无思无得。
下面我们来看一组考场作文范例。如下为两篇同样以家长是否该接送孩子上学为主题的考场作文,题目要求阐述正反两方观点,并提出作者的见解,字数在120字为宜,第一段题目已经给出,不计入文章字数统计。
(A)
In many places, it is common for parents to drive their children to and from school, which causes a heated debate in society.
In some person’s point of view, that parents drive their children to and from school not only can save time but also keep the children safe. It is also a good way of increasing the chances which parents can communicate with their children by.
However, the others object to it. In their opinion, it may cause traffic jam and add more burden to parents. Besides, students will become more and more relying on their parents.
As far as I be concerned, I don’t approve of it. Children should learn to do something by themselves, such as going to school, in order that they can become independent.
(B)
In many places, it is common for parents to drive their children to and from school, which causes a heated debate in society.
In some people’s points of view, that parents drive their children to and from school not only saves the children’s time but also keeps them safe. Besides, there are good opportunities for the parents to communicate with their children along the way.
However, the others object to it. They hold the opinion that it will cause traffic jams and actually may add burdens to the parents. Meanwhile, the children will depend on their parents more, which is not good for their growing.
Though every coin has two sides, despite of the advantages, I still disapprove of parents driving their children to and from school for the children should learn to deal with things by themselves and be independent in the future.
从行文可以看出,两者都属于及格以上的作文,然而作文(B)确实明显优于作文(A):撇开(A)中的语法错误,字數的不足,在词汇的使用层次,对长难句和经典句子的驾驭,(A)也不如(B)技高一筹。除此之外,后者化用谚语为己方观点服务也增加了作文亮点。综上,从卷面看,作文(A)做到了以上建议中的第一、三、五、六点,而作文(B)则做到了以上各要点,可谓成功考场作文。这也是为什么后者能挤入五档作文之列,而前者却只能徘徊在四档边缘了。
总之,要想写好英语考场作文,功夫在于平时的夯实基础和勤于练习。僵硬地背诵模板,而没有足够的练习和思考来使书面表达灵活,使所学语法内化成脱口而来的本能是很难写好考场作文的。
參考文献:
[1]丁往道.主编《英语写作手册》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社.2006,ISBN7—5600—1082—2
[2]郑登科.撰写《十句作文法》.高考英语杂志.2011年
[3]《2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》(新课标版).教育部考试中心编写
[4]2015年高考英语作文评分标准.教育部考试中心编写
关键词:高中生;高考;英语;考场作文
G633.41
每次英语测验后,很多学生看到自己的英语作文得分都会望分兴叹——“又是惨不忍睹啊!”“每考一次,就被打击一次。长此以往,我还敢写作文吗?”“我该怎么写作文?不会写作文啊……”作为英语教师,您一定没少听过学生心底痛苦无助的抱怨吧?这时候您是怎样帮助学生从根本上解决痛苦的呢?
有的老师建议学生背诵作文模板,考试时利用作文模板写三段式作文,稳当。这固然用心良苦,但多半学生只记住了几个关联词,由于没有教师的系统指导和科学的训练,或者所谓的万用句式结构学生根本没有关注和掌握,更谈不上灵活运用了,已而收效寥寥。下面笔者将就高中英语考场作文写作和大家探讨交流。
既然是考场作文,我们先来看看评估标准。我们以高考英语作文评分标准为参照,内容如下:
1.本题总分为25分,按5个档次给分。
2.评分时,先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次,然后以该档次的要求来衡量,确定或调整档次,最后给分。
3.词数少于80和多于120的,从总分中减去2分。
4.评分时,应注意的主要内容为:内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性、上下文的连贯性及语言的得体性。
5.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面,评分时,应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写词汇用法均可接受。
6.如书写较差,以至影响交际,将分数降低一个档次。
而能被评入最高一档即第五档(21-25分)的作文应具备以下条件:
1.完全完成了试题规定的任务。
2.覆盖所有内容要点。
3.应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。
4.语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致;具备较强的语言运用能力。
5. 有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。
6. 完全达到了预期的写作目的。
考场之中时间有限,资源全凭学生个人所学,考试氛围严肃,学生当然压力山大,在如此种种限制之中,怎样才能完成一篇能评为五档的作文呢?俗话说“台上一分钟,台下十年功”。考场上的作文优势也是从平时的练习中积累而来的。想速成而不稳扎基础,往往欲速则不达。以下是笔者的建议:
第一,流利工整干净的书写。英语书写也有讲究,外国人也觉得‘Writing style shows the man’(字如其人)。
第二,题中的要点依次覆盖,字数适中。有的考生在作文时可能会因为不想超字数而撇去要点,这样只会得不偿失。要点无论如何也不可省略,字数的问题可以通过合并句子或者扩充句子来调整。字数不够会让人觉得你无话可说,没有容量;太多又容易累赘,况且未免说多错多,还是适度为宜。
第三,注意段落之间的联系,并使用起承转合的词句,是文章前后呼应,结构清晰,脉络相连。比如表示时间前后的词有first of all, in the first place, to begin with, but later on, first, second, last but not least, but soon等;举例可用for example, for instance, for one thing, for another, namely, such as等;结束时可总结提示to sum up, to summarize, in a word, in brief, On the whole等。
第四,尽可能使用更高级的词汇和更客观的表达。比如同样要表达富裕的意思,用rich和用well-off或prosperous显然会受到不同的看待。而在阐述观点时一个动不动就抛出一个“I believe…”的文章显然不如“The authority suggested that…”来得讨人喜欢。
第五,变换句式结构。简单句和复合句交替穿插使用。有的考生为了求保险不出错,整篇都是中规中矩的主谓顺序,或者主谓宾,再加状语。错是没有,但文章不出彩,最终档次上不去,也得不了高分。其实只要稍微调整一下即可让人眼前一亮。
除此之外,还可适当应用倒装句,强调句,名词性从句,定语从句等等来改变单一呈现主谓顺序语句的形式,从而使文章丰富多彩,花样翻新。我们以名词性从句为例,What we had to do was to stand there, trying to catch the offender.显然比使用We had to stand here to catch the offender更夺人眼球。
第六,平时注意积累背诵一些经典句型,多尝试使用到写作练习中。比如It +谓语+时间段 +before +主语 +谓语(before引导的是时间状语从句);When/ So long as/ As long as/ Once +从句,+主句;No sooner + had +主语 +done…than +主语 + did;倍数的表达句型;
形容词、副词、名词 + as/though + 主语 +谓语 +主句等等。
第七,應用谚语或名人名言。如:A bird in the hand is worth than two in the bush. 一鸟在手胜过双鸟在林。A cat may look at a king.人人平等。A friend in need is a friend indeed.患難见真情。Do as the Romans do.入乡随俗。Do it now.机不可失,时不再来。让大家都帮你说话是不是比你一个人干巴巴地呼喊更有说服力呢? 最后,平时勤加练习,反复思考推敲。众所周知,熟能生巧嘛!建议一周不要少于一篇写作练习,两到三篇为宜,多则泛滥,恐怕无思无得。
下面我们来看一组考场作文范例。如下为两篇同样以家长是否该接送孩子上学为主题的考场作文,题目要求阐述正反两方观点,并提出作者的见解,字数在120字为宜,第一段题目已经给出,不计入文章字数统计。
(A)
In many places, it is common for parents to drive their children to and from school, which causes a heated debate in society.
In some person’s point of view, that parents drive their children to and from school not only can save time but also keep the children safe. It is also a good way of increasing the chances which parents can communicate with their children by.
However, the others object to it. In their opinion, it may cause traffic jam and add more burden to parents. Besides, students will become more and more relying on their parents.
As far as I be concerned, I don’t approve of it. Children should learn to do something by themselves, such as going to school, in order that they can become independent.
(B)
In many places, it is common for parents to drive their children to and from school, which causes a heated debate in society.
In some people’s points of view, that parents drive their children to and from school not only saves the children’s time but also keeps them safe. Besides, there are good opportunities for the parents to communicate with their children along the way.
However, the others object to it. They hold the opinion that it will cause traffic jams and actually may add burdens to the parents. Meanwhile, the children will depend on their parents more, which is not good for their growing.
Though every coin has two sides, despite of the advantages, I still disapprove of parents driving their children to and from school for the children should learn to deal with things by themselves and be independent in the future.
从行文可以看出,两者都属于及格以上的作文,然而作文(B)确实明显优于作文(A):撇开(A)中的语法错误,字數的不足,在词汇的使用层次,对长难句和经典句子的驾驭,(A)也不如(B)技高一筹。除此之外,后者化用谚语为己方观点服务也增加了作文亮点。综上,从卷面看,作文(A)做到了以上建议中的第一、三、五、六点,而作文(B)则做到了以上各要点,可谓成功考场作文。这也是为什么后者能挤入五档作文之列,而前者却只能徘徊在四档边缘了。
总之,要想写好英语考场作文,功夫在于平时的夯实基础和勤于练习。僵硬地背诵模板,而没有足够的练习和思考来使书面表达灵活,使所学语法内化成脱口而来的本能是很难写好考场作文的。
參考文献:
[1]丁往道.主编《英语写作手册》. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社.2006,ISBN7—5600—1082—2
[2]郑登科.撰写《十句作文法》.高考英语杂志.2011年
[3]《2015年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》(新课标版).教育部考试中心编写
[4]2015年高考英语作文评分标准.教育部考试中心编写