论文部分内容阅读
摘 要：以教材为依据，以考纲为标准，以高考题型为样板，以名词、动词、连词为龙头带动英语高考一系列词法、句法复习，使考生极短时间内全面准确、科学、系列地掌握英语高考知识体系，取得高考优异成绩，无疑是高考英语复习的一种探索与创新。
关键词：以各词为先导； 以动词为核心； 以连词为关键
多年高考英语复习的实践使我们逐渐探索了一条以教材为依据，以考纲为标准，以高考题型为样板，以名词、动词、连词为突破口，直接切入英语语法复习，并以它们为龙头带动其它一系列词法、句法复习的新路子。这种复习方法的出奇功效在于：可以使考生在极短时间内全面，准确、科学、系统地掌握整个中学英语教材和英语高考大纲及考试说明所要求知识体系，达到高考要求，取得高考优异成绩。
现将此方法介绍给大家，以飨读者。
一、以名词为先导展开高考复习：
1.攻克词汇记忆难关
如何在短期内攻克词汇记忆的难关，是最令考生头痛的问题。为了攻克这一难题，我们一反按英语字母顺序分类的传统，将考试说明的词汇重新分类、排列，让考生按物质世界（包括：无生命物质、有生命物质、人类环境、人类、民族、国家等社会组织和结构、人类的产生、发展、相互关系、矛盾冲突、物质文明、经济基础、上层建筑等）；人类精神文明（包括：语言、思维、情感、文学、艺术、科学主要自然科学和社会科学等）；辩证思维范畴（包括运动与静止、存在与消失、特殊与一般、必然与偶然、原因与结果、内与外、多与少、大与小、美与丑、正确与错误等抽象概念的词汇）的逻辑顺序记忆单词，并辅以按高考题型精心设计的词汇拼写、改错、记忆、练习、学生很快就掌握了考纲要求的词汇。
2.攻克名词运用难点。
高考词汇洋洋洒洒两千多个，名词占70%多达一千五百多个，精通掌握并熟练运用这部分词汇对考生高考夺魁意义十分重大。纵观历来高考，考生在名词本身用法上的失误多在不可数名词与可数名词的归属不清，用法不明上。于是，我们以考纲为纲，引导考生对考纲所要求的名词在上述已记忆的基础上，再科学地分类，搞清整个大纲名词中，到底有多少不可数名词，多少既可以作可数名词也可以作不可数名词的名词，然后再针对这类名词，按高考要求精讲、精炼，再逐一做完高考已考过的相关类型试题。这样抓住了主要矛盾，学生很快掌握了这不到三百个名词。当然其余处于次要矛盾位置的1200多名词用法（如：可数名词的不规则与规则变化、单复数、所有格、句子成份、语法功能等矛盾）也就迎刃而解了。
3.攻克以名词为核心的相关词法的难点：攻克这一难点，我们着重引导学生，分析名词与相关词的辩证关系，主要分析、掌握。（1）代替名词的代词的语法功用和效能，与名词用法的异同及特点、难点、重点。（2）为名词服务，对名词进行限定，修饰的冠词；形容词数词，定语从句以及对其进行解释，说明的同立语从句的语法功用与效能。
二、以动词为核心展开高考复习。
时态、语态是英语学习的核心，非谓动词是语法的尖端，按考纲要求，从某种意义上说学会了动词就学会了一半英语。
为抓住和攻克这个核心，我们一反按教材体系，依序复习的传统，按大纲考纲体系和要求，高针对、高系统、高综合、高重点地复习。
（一）攻克动词记忆难关
变化多端，运用困难是动词最大特点，也是最难难题。如名词复习一样，我们一反按字母顺序记忆学习的传统，将考试说明的动词重新分类复习。
1、背诵掌握考纲要求的所有动词和不规则动词，以及动词四形变化，为时态、语态、非谓动词复习打好坚定基础。
2、掌握运用考纲所有及物动词。重点以下三方面掌握运用。
1）所有及物动词必须带宾语，可构成以下句子：
2）所有及物动词均可表被动语态构成以下句子：
3）所有及物动词均可构成P.P表被动与完成：
（二）掌握运用所有不及物动词，重点从以下掌握运用。
1、所有不及物动词均不带宾语、及物须加相应介词。
2、所有不及物动词均无被动语态
（三）掌握运用考试说明要求的所有系动词（be get look seem turn grow become feel）
着重从以下两方面掌握运用
2、系动词均无被动语态
（四）助动词在各时态、语态中的作用与运用。
（五）情态动词
（六）动词各时态演变
2、系动词句型演变
1）倒装句
A、Hert be sth for sb
B、There be sb/sth s.p time
C、There be no doubt/reason/need/wonder for sb to do sth
D、There be no difficulty/trouble/a problem in doing sth
E、there be no point/sense in doing sth
F、there be sb/sth doing /p.p
2）形式主语句
It’s adj forsb to do sth
It’s adj of sb to do sth
It’s adj that s vo s.p time
It’s p.p （said told reported known suggested） thet svo s.p time
It takes sb time to do sth
3）形式宾语句
S V （think find） it adj to do sth. 4）强调句
It’s sb who v o s.p time
It’s s.p /time that s v o
2、行为动词各时态演变
以pley do study stop sit have write lie 为例
一般现在： plays does studies has
Play do study have
一般过去： played stopped studied wrote
现在进行： is doing am sitting are having /lying
过去进行：wasdoing /was sitting were having /lying
一般将来：shall do will do
is am are going to do
过去将来： should do would do
Was were going to do
现在完成： has have played /stopped /studied /written
过去完成： had played stopped/studied/written
（七）各时态被动语态演变：以do为例.
1、is am are done 2、was were done
3、is am are being done 4、shall will be done
5、has have been done 6、can may mast be done
（八）动词不定式
1、语法作用
1）主语
To do sth v o s.p time
To do sth be adj s.p time
It’s adj for sb to do sth
To get the full mark made me very pleased
To learn English is very important.
It’s important for us to learn English
2）宾语
S V to do sth s.p time
S V it adj to do sth
The engineer wishes to design a new bridge.
I find it convinent to travel in ChengDu.
3）宾补
A普通动词
S V O to do sth / not to do sth
B感官动词
See hear find watch notice feel lookat listen to sb do sth
C使役动词
Let mabe have sb do sth
Get sb to do sth
My teacher often encourages us to study hard.
My father told me not to play computer games all day.
I have seen her grow up from girlhood.
Who did your teather have write an article for English weekly？
Who made the couple leave their motherland？
Why do you often get your sister to cry？
4）状语
目的 to do sth， s v o s.p time
S v s.p in order to do sth
To catch up with others ，he studied harder than ever
结果 s v s.p only/just to ddo sth
He harried off to the airport only to see the plane taking off.
5）定语
S to do sth v o s.p time
S v o to do sth s.p time
The subway to belaid will be completed in 2015.
The scientist was the first one to reach the North Pole
6）表语
S be to do sth s.p time
7）与who what which when where how whether连用
I don’t know when to start out.
2、时态、语态对不定式的影响及区别
To do to be doing to have done
To be done to have been done
（九）、现在分词
1、语法作用 1）定语
前置： The doing s vo
后置：S doing sth vo /be adj s.p time
The running train is running to Beijing
The young man lying under the apple tree was listening to the bird singing at that time
2）表语
S be doing s.p time
The disappointing news he told us was very disappointing
3）宾补
See hear find watch notice feel lookat listen to sb/sth doing
Let make have get sb/sth doing leave keep catch sb/sth doing
We found the fire burning the whole night
Why did you make the electric fan turning the whole ofternoon？
Why did the boss keep the clerk standing outside the office when he came into it
4）状语
Doing sth ，s vo
Growing on the hillside，the flowers grow well，
With sth/sh doing， s vo
With time going by，Cheng Du is becoming more and more beautiful.
Conjunction doing，s vo
When crossing the street， you should pay attention to the traffic.
2、时态、语态对现在分词的影响及区别
Doing having done
Being done having been done
（十）过去分词
1、语法作用
1）定语
The p.p s vo s p.p vo
S v p.p o s vo p.p
The broken car has been repaired by us.
We have repaired the broken car
The bridge destroyed in the earthquake has been rebuilt by the workers.
The workers have rebuilt the bridge destroyed in the earth quake.
2）表语
S be p.p s.p time
S get p.p s.p time
They were vety disappointed at that time
The cleaners in the city get paid by the hour
3）宾补
See hear find watch notice feel lookat listen to sb/sth p.p
Let make have get sb/sth p.p make oneself p.p
Keep leave want catch sth p.p
We heard the murderer arrested yesterday
The young film star wants to make herself known allover the world in a night
The girl wanted to keep herself locked at home so as not be
disturbed.
4）状语
P.p ， s vo
Praised，the student felt very pleased and proud.
With sb/sth p.p，s vo
With his feet injured ，the runner couldn’t run any longer.
C p.p ，s vo 注：c：conjunction
Once seen，the film will be never forgotten.
2、被动语态对过去分词的影响与区别
（十）、动名词
1、语法作用
1）主语
Doing sth v o /be adj s.p time
Reading a lot of books does good to our study.
It’s no good/use…for sb doing sth
It’s no good for a student playing computer games all day. 2）宾语
S v doing sth s.p time
Would you mind smoking in the readingroom now？
S be doing sth s.p time
3）表语
My work is saving the people’s lives
4）定语
The doing s vo s.p time
A sleeping car is a car which is used for sleeping
2、时态语态对动名词影响与区别
Doing having done
Being done having been done
三、以连词为关健进行句法复习
不少考生完形、短文读不懂，作文难，根本点在于句型结构不清，看不懂、写不来。纵观英语句型似乎千变万化，十分复杂，其实就其根本来说无非围绕四个轴心转动。
S：subject V：verb O：object C：conjunction
（一）围绕并列连词转动（并列关系）
S v o C s v o
He had had two driveing tests but he failed
（二）围绕名词转动（限定、说明）
1、定语从句（限定）
S c s v v o s.p time
S v o c s v s.p time
The guests who were envited to the party have arrined
I like the villa whose windows face the blue see
2、同立从句
N c s v v o s.p time
The news that she has got the first prize is true
（三）围绕动词转动
1、主语从句
C s v o v o s.p time
What he had said proved right
2、宾语从句
S v c s v o
We don’t know whether the sports meet will be held or not
3、表语从句
S be c s v o
The reason why he didn’t go to university
was that he had no money
（四）依主次作用而动状语从句
从句 主句
c s v o s v o
When she got home，the mother heard her daughter crying in the bed room.
（五）突破语言综合运用难关
在夯实句法基础的基础上，我们再进一步抓语言综合运用，我们主要狠抓：
1、句型与阅读（完形、短文）系统化综合复习和训练。
2、句型与写作（改错、作文）系统化综合复习和训练、使考生、各项技能同步发展，综合能力日愈提高。
实践证明，名词、动词的词法不仅是英语高考词法、句法的致命点，而且是整个英语语法的核心和灵魂。抓住这个核心和灵魂，并融会贯通，就无异于为考生开拓了一条通向高考英语复习颠峰的胜利之路。我们多年外语高考用此种方法复习均获取了英语高考的优异成绩，这很大程度上得益于我们对英语高考复习的探索和创新。
关键词：以各词为先导； 以动词为核心； 以连词为关键
多年高考英语复习的实践使我们逐渐探索了一条以教材为依据，以考纲为标准，以高考题型为样板，以名词、动词、连词为突破口，直接切入英语语法复习，并以它们为龙头带动其它一系列词法、句法复习的新路子。这种复习方法的出奇功效在于：可以使考生在极短时间内全面，准确、科学、系统地掌握整个中学英语教材和英语高考大纲及考试说明所要求知识体系，达到高考要求，取得高考优异成绩。
现将此方法介绍给大家，以飨读者。
一、以名词为先导展开高考复习：
1.攻克词汇记忆难关
如何在短期内攻克词汇记忆的难关，是最令考生头痛的问题。为了攻克这一难题，我们一反按英语字母顺序分类的传统，将考试说明的词汇重新分类、排列，让考生按物质世界（包括：无生命物质、有生命物质、人类环境、人类、民族、国家等社会组织和结构、人类的产生、发展、相互关系、矛盾冲突、物质文明、经济基础、上层建筑等）；人类精神文明（包括：语言、思维、情感、文学、艺术、科学主要自然科学和社会科学等）；辩证思维范畴（包括运动与静止、存在与消失、特殊与一般、必然与偶然、原因与结果、内与外、多与少、大与小、美与丑、正确与错误等抽象概念的词汇）的逻辑顺序记忆单词，并辅以按高考题型精心设计的词汇拼写、改错、记忆、练习、学生很快就掌握了考纲要求的词汇。
2.攻克名词运用难点。
高考词汇洋洋洒洒两千多个，名词占70%多达一千五百多个，精通掌握并熟练运用这部分词汇对考生高考夺魁意义十分重大。纵观历来高考，考生在名词本身用法上的失误多在不可数名词与可数名词的归属不清，用法不明上。于是，我们以考纲为纲，引导考生对考纲所要求的名词在上述已记忆的基础上，再科学地分类，搞清整个大纲名词中，到底有多少不可数名词，多少既可以作可数名词也可以作不可数名词的名词，然后再针对这类名词，按高考要求精讲、精炼，再逐一做完高考已考过的相关类型试题。这样抓住了主要矛盾，学生很快掌握了这不到三百个名词。当然其余处于次要矛盾位置的1200多名词用法（如：可数名词的不规则与规则变化、单复数、所有格、句子成份、语法功能等矛盾）也就迎刃而解了。
3.攻克以名词为核心的相关词法的难点：攻克这一难点，我们着重引导学生，分析名词与相关词的辩证关系，主要分析、掌握。（1）代替名词的代词的语法功用和效能，与名词用法的异同及特点、难点、重点。（2）为名词服务，对名词进行限定，修饰的冠词；形容词数词，定语从句以及对其进行解释，说明的同立语从句的语法功用与效能。
二、以动词为核心展开高考复习。
时态、语态是英语学习的核心，非谓动词是语法的尖端，按考纲要求，从某种意义上说学会了动词就学会了一半英语。
为抓住和攻克这个核心，我们一反按教材体系，依序复习的传统，按大纲考纲体系和要求，高针对、高系统、高综合、高重点地复习。
（一）攻克动词记忆难关
变化多端，运用困难是动词最大特点，也是最难难题。如名词复习一样，我们一反按字母顺序记忆学习的传统，将考试说明的动词重新分类复习。
1、背诵掌握考纲要求的所有动词和不规则动词，以及动词四形变化，为时态、语态、非谓动词复习打好坚定基础。
2、掌握运用考纲所有及物动词。重点以下三方面掌握运用。
1）所有及物动词必须带宾语，可构成以下句子：
2）所有及物动词均可表被动语态构成以下句子：
3）所有及物动词均可构成P.P表被动与完成：
（二）掌握运用所有不及物动词，重点从以下掌握运用。
1、所有不及物动词均不带宾语、及物须加相应介词。
2、所有不及物动词均无被动语态
（三）掌握运用考试说明要求的所有系动词（be get look seem turn grow become feel）
着重从以下两方面掌握运用
2、系动词均无被动语态
（四）助动词在各时态、语态中的作用与运用。
（五）情态动词
（六）动词各时态演变
2、系动词句型演变
1）倒装句
A、Hert be sth for sb
B、There be sb/sth s.p time
C、There be no doubt/reason/need/wonder for sb to do sth
D、There be no difficulty/trouble/a problem in doing sth
E、there be no point/sense in doing sth
F、there be sb/sth doing /p.p
2）形式主语句
It’s adj forsb to do sth
It’s adj of sb to do sth
It’s adj that s vo s.p time
It’s p.p （said told reported known suggested） thet svo s.p time
It takes sb time to do sth
3）形式宾语句
S V （think find） it adj to do sth. 4）强调句
It’s sb who v o s.p time
It’s s.p /time that s v o
2、行为动词各时态演变
以pley do study stop sit have write lie 为例
一般现在： plays does studies has
Play do study have
一般过去： played stopped studied wrote
现在进行： is doing am sitting are having /lying
过去进行：wasdoing /was sitting were having /lying
一般将来：shall do will do
is am are going to do
过去将来： should do would do
Was were going to do
现在完成： has have played /stopped /studied /written
过去完成： had played stopped/studied/written
（七）各时态被动语态演变：以do为例.
1、is am are done 2、was were done
3、is am are being done 4、shall will be done
5、has have been done 6、can may mast be done
（八）动词不定式
1、语法作用
1）主语
To do sth v o s.p time
To do sth be adj s.p time
It’s adj for sb to do sth
To get the full mark made me very pleased
To learn English is very important.
It’s important for us to learn English
2）宾语
S V to do sth s.p time
S V it adj to do sth
The engineer wishes to design a new bridge.
I find it convinent to travel in ChengDu.
3）宾补
A普通动词
S V O to do sth / not to do sth
B感官动词
See hear find watch notice feel lookat listen to sb do sth
C使役动词
Let mabe have sb do sth
Get sb to do sth
My teacher often encourages us to study hard.
My father told me not to play computer games all day.
I have seen her grow up from girlhood.
Who did your teather have write an article for English weekly？
Who made the couple leave their motherland？
Why do you often get your sister to cry？
4）状语
目的 to do sth， s v o s.p time
S v s.p in order to do sth
To catch up with others ，he studied harder than ever
结果 s v s.p only/just to ddo sth
He harried off to the airport only to see the plane taking off.
5）定语
S to do sth v o s.p time
S v o to do sth s.p time
The subway to belaid will be completed in 2015.
The scientist was the first one to reach the North Pole
6）表语
S be to do sth s.p time
7）与who what which when where how whether连用
I don’t know when to start out.
2、时态、语态对不定式的影响及区别
To do to be doing to have done
To be done to have been done
（九）、现在分词
1、语法作用 1）定语
前置： The doing s vo
后置：S doing sth vo /be adj s.p time
The running train is running to Beijing
The young man lying under the apple tree was listening to the bird singing at that time
2）表语
S be doing s.p time
The disappointing news he told us was very disappointing
3）宾补
See hear find watch notice feel lookat listen to sb/sth doing
Let make have get sb/sth doing leave keep catch sb/sth doing
We found the fire burning the whole night
Why did you make the electric fan turning the whole ofternoon？
Why did the boss keep the clerk standing outside the office when he came into it
4）状语
Doing sth ，s vo
Growing on the hillside，the flowers grow well，
With sth/sh doing， s vo
With time going by，Cheng Du is becoming more and more beautiful.
Conjunction doing，s vo
When crossing the street， you should pay attention to the traffic.
2、时态、语态对现在分词的影响及区别
Doing having done
Being done having been done
（十）过去分词
1、语法作用
1）定语
The p.p s vo s p.p vo
S v p.p o s vo p.p
The broken car has been repaired by us.
We have repaired the broken car
The bridge destroyed in the earthquake has been rebuilt by the workers.
The workers have rebuilt the bridge destroyed in the earth quake.
2）表语
S be p.p s.p time
S get p.p s.p time
They were vety disappointed at that time
The cleaners in the city get paid by the hour
3）宾补
See hear find watch notice feel lookat listen to sb/sth p.p
Let make have get sb/sth p.p make oneself p.p
Keep leave want catch sth p.p
We heard the murderer arrested yesterday
The young film star wants to make herself known allover the world in a night
The girl wanted to keep herself locked at home so as not be
disturbed.
4）状语
P.p ， s vo
Praised，the student felt very pleased and proud.
With sb/sth p.p，s vo
With his feet injured ，the runner couldn’t run any longer.
C p.p ，s vo 注：c：conjunction
Once seen，the film will be never forgotten.
2、被动语态对过去分词的影响与区别
（十）、动名词
1、语法作用
1）主语
Doing sth v o /be adj s.p time
Reading a lot of books does good to our study.
It’s no good/use…for sb doing sth
It’s no good for a student playing computer games all day. 2）宾语
S v doing sth s.p time
Would you mind smoking in the readingroom now？
S be doing sth s.p time
3）表语
My work is saving the people’s lives
4）定语
The doing s vo s.p time
A sleeping car is a car which is used for sleeping
2、时态语态对动名词影响与区别
Doing having done
Being done having been done
三、以连词为关健进行句法复习
不少考生完形、短文读不懂，作文难，根本点在于句型结构不清，看不懂、写不来。纵观英语句型似乎千变万化，十分复杂，其实就其根本来说无非围绕四个轴心转动。
S：subject V：verb O：object C：conjunction
（一）围绕并列连词转动（并列关系）
S v o C s v o
He had had two driveing tests but he failed
（二）围绕名词转动（限定、说明）
1、定语从句（限定）
S c s v v o s.p time
S v o c s v s.p time
The guests who were envited to the party have arrined
I like the villa whose windows face the blue see
2、同立从句
N c s v v o s.p time
The news that she has got the first prize is true
（三）围绕动词转动
1、主语从句
C s v o v o s.p time
What he had said proved right
2、宾语从句
S v c s v o
We don’t know whether the sports meet will be held or not
3、表语从句
S be c s v o
The reason why he didn’t go to university
was that he had no money
（四）依主次作用而动状语从句
从句 主句
c s v o s v o
When she got home，the mother heard her daughter crying in the bed room.
（五）突破语言综合运用难关
在夯实句法基础的基础上，我们再进一步抓语言综合运用，我们主要狠抓：
1、句型与阅读（完形、短文）系统化综合复习和训练。
2、句型与写作（改错、作文）系统化综合复习和训练、使考生、各项技能同步发展，综合能力日愈提高。
实践证明，名词、动词的词法不仅是英语高考词法、句法的致命点，而且是整个英语语法的核心和灵魂。抓住这个核心和灵魂，并融会贯通，就无异于为考生开拓了一条通向高考英语复习颠峰的胜利之路。我们多年外语高考用此种方法复习均获取了英语高考的优异成绩，这很大程度上得益于我们对英语高考复习的探索和创新。