新辅助放化疗已成为T3/T4期淋巴结阳性直肠癌的术前标准治疗。既往多个临床试验已证实,术前放化疗和术后治疗相比在肿瘤的长期局部控制和治疗减毒方面更有优势。不同文献报道,直肠癌新辅助放化疗病理完全缓解率(pCR)在30%左右。因此,会有相当比例患者在放化疗之后达到临床完全缓解(cCR,临床、内镜和影像学检查无肿瘤存在的证据)。通过新辅助放化疗实现cCR后,直肠癌患者通常会接受根治性切除术,如果后续病理检查显示无肿瘤残余,那就可以说是不幸中的万幸了。然而,对于部分患者,术前新辅助放化疗加根治 Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy has become the standard preoperative treatment of T3 / T4 lymph node-positive rectal cancer. Previous clinical trials have confirmed that preoperative chemoradiation and postoperative treatment compared to long-term local tumor control and treatment more advantages in attenuating. Different literature reports, neoadjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy of rectal cancer complete remission (pCR) in about 30%. As a result, a significant proportion of patients achieve clinically complete response after chemoradiation (evidence of absence of tumor on clinical, endoscopic, and imaging studies). After cCR is achieved by neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy, patients with rectal cancer usually undergo a radical resection, which is unfortunate if the subsequent pathological examination shows no residual tumor. However, for some patients, preoperative neoadjuvant chemoradiation plus radicalization