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在将进化论运用于利他主义的讨论中,首先需要区分利他主义的三个层次,即生物利他主义、心理利他主义和伦理利他主义。进化论对与伦理学相关的利他主义问题而言,主要作用集中于对心理利他主义的解释上。一方面,进化论并没有给我们充分的理由相信自然选择会彻底关闭心理利他主义的可能性,但另一方面,要从理论上论证利他主义的心理机制在某些情形下就一定比利己主义的心理机制具有演化上的优势同样是很困难的。这也提示出对利他主义问题的研究无法只是在某一种学科框架中来完成,而是需要在不同层面上借助于不同的理论方法来推进。
In applying the theory of evolution to the discussion of altruism, we first need to distinguish between the three levels of altruism, namely bioalgalism, psychological altruism, and ethical altruism. Evolutionism The main function of altruistic issues related to ethics focuses on the interpretation of psychological altruism. On the one hand, evolution does not give us sufficient reason to believe that natural selection will completely shut down the possibility of psychological altruism, but on the other hand, it is necessary to theoretically argue that the psychological mechanism of altruism must be more certain than that of egoism The evolutionary advantage of psychological mechanisms is equally difficult. This also suggests that the study of altruism can not be accomplished in a certain academic framework but needs to be promoted at different levels with different theoretical methods.