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【目的】研究以超高产大豆品种为砧木嫁接不同年代育成品种,旨在明确嫁接超高产品种的根系对接穗品种叶片生理指标的影响,从而揭示根系改良在大豆育种中的作用。【方法】以来自相同的祖先亲本(Williams和Amsoy)且地理纬度相同的美国俄亥俄州和中国辽宁省不同年代育成的11个代表性大豆品种为接穗,采用劈接法,于子叶期分别与超高产大豆品种辽豆14和中黄35的砧木进行嫁接,其中,以11个不同年代育成品种的自身嫁接处理与不嫁接处理作为对照。在盆栽条件下,于R1、R2、R4、R5、R6期测定植株叶片的光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和叶色值,于成熟期收获后对植株进行考种,测定植株的单株粒数、百粒重和单株产量。【结果】不同生育时期大豆品种的根系活力均表现为辽豆14>中黄35>11个不同年代育成品种,R5期和R6期达到显著或极显著差异水平。叶片的光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和叶色值均呈单峰曲线变化,其中,光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率于R2期达到高峰值,叶色值于R4期达到高峰值,而后开始呈下降趋势。不同年代育成品种在不嫁接与自身嫁接条件下具有相似的变化曲线,而嫁接于超高产品种辽豆14和中黄35的砧木后,曲线下降较缓慢。R5至R6期间,嫁接于自身砧木上的植株其叶片的光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和叶色值平均每天分别下降1.43%、3.67%、3.38%和0.82%,而嫁接于超高产品种砧木上的植株相应下降了1.11%、3.26%、2.05%和0.48%。不同年代育成品种在自身嫁接与不嫁接条件下,其单株粒数、百粒重、单株粒重无显著变化,而与自身作砧木的植株相比,嫁接到超高产品种辽豆14或中黄35砧木上后,其单株粒数、百粒重和单株产量分别提高了2.82%、9.36%和10.60%,且当代品种的增幅要大于中期品种和共同亲本。【结论】超高产品种辽豆14和中黄35根系在生殖生长期具有较高的生理活性。嫁接超高产品种砧木可以有效减缓不同年代大豆品种生育后期的叶片光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和叶色值的下降速率,增强植株的光合能力,进而提高产量。因此,在未来大豆育种工作中,应该更加注重根系的遗传改良。
【Objective】 The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of grafting super high-yielding varieties on the leaf physiological indices of scion cultivars by grafting super-high-yielding soybean varieties into rootstocks in different ages so as to reveal the role of root improvement in soybean breeding. 【Method】 The eleven representative soybean cultivars from Ohio and Liaoning Provinces of the same geographic latitude from the same ancestral parents (Williams and Amsoy) were scioned and spliced at the cotyledon stage respectively High-yield soybean varieties Liao bean 14 and medium yellow 35 rootstock grafting, among them, to eleven different age bred varieties of their own graft and non-grafted treatment as a control. Under potted condition, the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and leaf color value of leaves were measured in R1, R2, R4, R5 and R6 phases. After harvest, Number of kernels, 100 kernel weight and yield per plant. 【Result】 The results showed that the root activities of soybean varieties at different growth stages were all Liao bean 14> Zhonghuang 35> 11 cultivars at different ages. The R5 and R6 phases reached significant or extremely significant differences. Leaf photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and leaf color values all showed single peak curve changes. Among them, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate reached the peak value in R2 phase, leaf color value reached the peak value in R4 phase, Then began a downward trend. The curves of the cultivars in different age have similar curves under the conditions of non-grafting and self-grafting. However, after grafting on the rootstocks of the super high-yielding varieties Liao-Dou 14 and Zhong-Huang 35, the curve decreased slowly. During the period from R5 to R6, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and leaf color value decreased by 1.43%, 3.67%, 3.38% and 0.82%, respectively, in leaves grafted on their own rootstocks, Plants on rootstock decreased by 1.11%, 3.26%, 2.05% and 0.48%, respectively. Under the conditions of self-grafting and non-grafting, cultivars of different ages had no significant changes in grain weight per plant, grain weight per plant, and grain weight per plant. However, grafted onto super-high-yielding varieties such as Liao bean 14 or Zhong 35, the average grain weight per plant, grain weight per plant and yield per plant increased by 2.82%, 9.36% and 10.60%, respectively, and the increase of contemporary varieties was greater than that of mid-term and common parents. 【Conclusion】 The super high-yielding varieties Liao Dou 14 and Zhong Huang 35 have higher physiological activities during reproductive growth. Grafting super high-yielding rootstocks can effectively reduce the leaf photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and leaf color value decline rate of soybean in different ages so as to enhance the photosynthetic capacity of the plant and thus increase the yield. Therefore, in the future work of soybean breeding, we should pay more attention to genetic improvement of roots.