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不同时期文学作品中对自然景物的描写反映出对自然观照方式的变迁,是形成不同时期文学风格的重要因素。本文以先秦至魏晋文学景物描写中的鱼鸟为例,选取有代表性的五个节点,分析其背后反映的对自然观照方式的变迁。认为《诗经》中的自然物是比类思维下对人事的比兴,缺乏自身独立的价值;汉赋中的自然作为体现帝国意志的罗列式描写,是没有情意感动的客观记述;魏晋时期的宴饮和游览诗展现出由个体切身感受出发的对于风景的自觉;嵇康阮籍的一部分诗歌则体现了玄学化的自然观照,自然物象是无处不在的“道”的体现者;《兰亭诗》中的鱼鸟看似为纯粹的景物描写,其背后蕴藏着永嘉玄学的时空观。
The description of natural scenery in different literary works reflects the change of the way of looking at nature and is an important factor in forming the literary style in different periods. Taking the fish and birds in the pre-Qin to Wei-Jin literary scene descriptions as examples, this paper selects five representative nodes to analyze the change of the way of nature reflection reflected in the background. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the natural objects in The Book of Songs are more than people in the class thinking, and lack of independent value. The nature in the Han Dynasty is an objective description of the Will of the Empire. Feasts and excursions show the self-consciousness of the scenery which starts from the individual experience. Part of the poems of Ji Kang Ruan Ji embodies the metaphysical view of nature. The natural objects are ubiquitous embodiment of Tao. Lanting Pavilion "in the fish seems to be a pure description of the scenery, which contains the Yongjia metaphysics behind the concept of time and space.