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目的:通过调查了解医院感染现患率特点及相关危险因素，为医院感染管理与控制提供预防策略。方法:对山东第一医科大学第一附属医院2018年9月18日0：00—24：00所有住院患者进行医院感染横断面调查。结果:调查当日，住院患者2 766例，实查率为100%；医院感染人数57例，现患率2.06%（57/2 766），感染60例次，例次现患率2.17%（60/2 766）；感染率较高的科室为神经外科及重症监护室，分别为9.92%（13/131）、9.38%（6/64）；感染部位，下呼吸道居首位占50%（30/60）。医院感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主；年龄≥60岁（n χ2值为18.22，n P<0.001）、使用呼吸机（n χ2值为37.84，n P<0.001）、泌尿道插管（n χ2值为180.57，n P<0.001）、糖尿病肾病（n χ2值为34.71，n P<0.001）及进行血液透析患者（n χ2值为368.60，n P<0.001）医院感染发生率较高，差异有统计学意义（n P<0.05）。n 结论:今后院感防控工作应重点关注神经外科及重症监护室患者的下呼吸道感染，医护工作者可针对年龄≥60岁、使用呼吸机、泌尿道插管、糖尿病肾病及进行血液透析等危险因素，制订针对性预防策略以避免医院感染的发生，减少患者住院时长及花费。“,”Objective:To investigate the characteristics of nosocomial infection and relative risk factors, and provide the basis for the management and control of nosocomial infection.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted on all inpatients with nosocomial infection in the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University from 0:00 to 24:00 on September 18, 2018.Results:There were 2 766 inpatients in the survey day, and the detection rate was 100%. The number of nosocomial infections was 57, with a current incidence rate of 2.06% (57/2 766), and the number of infections was 60, with a secondary incidence rate of 2.17% (60/2 766). The departments with the highest infection rates were neurosurgery department and intensive care units (ICU), which were 9.92% (13/131) and 9.38% (6/64) respectively. The lower respiratory tract at the infected site was the first, accounting for 50.00% (30/60). The main pathogens of nosocomial infection were gram-negative bacteria. The incidence of nosocomial infection was higher in patients with age ≥60 years (n χ2 value was 18.22n , P<0.001), ventilator(n χ2 value was 37.84n , P<0.001), urinary tract intubation (n χ2 value was 180.57n , P<0.001), diabetic nephropathy (n χ2 value was 34.71n , P<0.001), and hemodialysis (n χ2 value was 368.60n , P<0.001) with statistically significant differences (alln P<0.05).n Conclusions:The focus should be on the prevention and treatment of lower respiratory tract infection inpatients in the intensive care unit of neurosurgery, and medic should develop preventive measures to avoid the occurrence of nosocomial infection according to the risk factors of patients with age ≥60 years, ventilator, urinary tract intubation, diabetic nephropathy, and hemodialysis to shorten hospital stay and costs.