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“预设”最早是哲学和逻辑学概念,后来成为语用学研究的重要内容。本文在梳理前人所作研究的基础上,对预设的主要研究内容、研究状况作一概述,主要介绍预设的性质、常见的预设触发语的类型和关于预设投射分析的理论,包括Karttunen的“过滤条件”理论、Gazdar的“删除机制”理论以及Van der Sandt对预设和预设投射的分析等。关于预设在否定句中消失的现象存在着各种原因解释,此外,预设和焦点有着密切的关系,对比焦点的变化意味着预设的变化。
“Default ” is the earliest concept of philosophy and logic, and later became an important part of pragmatics. Based on the research done by predecessors, this article gives an overview of the main research contents and the research status, mainly introduces the nature of the presuppositions, the types of the common presupposition triggers and the theories about the preset projection analysis, including Karttunen’s Theory of Filtering, Gazdar’s Theory of Deleting Mechanisms, and Van der Sandt’s analysis of preset and default projections. There are various reasons for the disappearance of the preset in the negative sentence. In addition, the preset and the focus are closely related, and the change of the relative focus means the preset change.