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英语中,有时为了避免重复,或为了使句子更简练,在一些句子中常常省去某些成分,这就叫做省略。省略句也是近年高考的重点。下面结合高考试题,归纳省略的重要考点。
【考点1】状语从句中的省略
(1) 在when, while, whenever, till, as soon as, if, unless, as if, as, whether等引导的状语从句中,如果主从句的主语相同或从句的主语为it/they,且从句的结构为主语+系动词be时,可省略从句的主语和be,成为“连词+非谓语动词/adj.”形式作状语。
※Errors, if (there are) any, should be corrected.如果有错误,就应该改正。
(2)在as, than, however, whatever, no matter what等引导的从句中常省略某些成分。
※She speaks English better than anyone else in the class. 她英语讲得比班上其他人好。
【考例链接1】
——Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday?
——Yes. ____, I’m going to visit some homes for the old in the city.
(2008安徽卷32)
A. If ever B. If busy C. If anything D. If possible
(答案D)
【考例链接2】
——Who should be responsible for the accident?
——The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order ____.
(2008福建卷30)
A. as told B. as are told C. as telling D. as they told
(答案A)
【考例链接3】
We all know that, ____, the situation will get worse. (2007全国卷28)
A. not if dealt carefully with B. if not carefully dealt with
C. if dealt not carefully with D. not if carefully dealt with
(答案B)
(3)虚拟语气条件句中常省略if,将were, should, had提到主语前构成倒装语序。
【考点2】并列句中的省略
在and连接的句子中,为避免重复常省略共同的主语,成为一个主语后接两个或更多的并列谓语动词,这时动词形式往往一致,即:A and B;A,B and C;A,B,C and D。
※She set out soon after dark and arrived home an hour later.
她天黑不久就出发了,一个小时后到家。
【考点3】定语从句中的省略
(1)在限制性定语从句中,作宾语用的that, which, whom可省略;在the same…as和such…as引出的某些定语从句中可省略与主句相同的部分。如:
I don’t like such a book as this (is). 我不喜欢这样的一本书。
(2) 定语从句中,“关系代词作的主语+系动词be”可以省略,成为现在分词短语(表主动)或过去分词短语(表被动)所作的后置定语。
※The goods (which were) ordered last month haven’t arrived yet.
上个月订购的货物还未到。
【考例链接4】
You can only be sure of ____ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something ____ you might get in the future.(2007安徽卷33)
A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that
(答案B)
【考例链接5】
——Can those ____ at the back of the classroom hear me?
——No problem. (2008福建卷33)
A. seat B. sit C. seated D. sat
(答案C)
【考点4】名词性从句中的省略
(1)在know, think, consider, suppose, find, believe, say, decide等动词后面接的宾语从句中,连词that可省略,若带有多个宾语从句,只能省第一个that,其余的不能省。
(2)在与suggest, request, order, advise等词相关的名词性从句中须用虚拟语气形式“主语+should+动词原形”,should可以省略。
【考点5】主句的省略
(1)主句省略多见于句首。在答语中,主句或一些成分全部省略。如:(It’s) a pity…;(It’s) no wonder…。
(2)省略一个从句或从句的一部分,可用so或not代替, 常用于这种结构的动词有believe, think, expect, guess, hope, imagine, suppose, say, tell等以及appear, seem, afraid之后。
【考例链接6】
——Do you know Anna’s telephone number?
——____. As a matter of fact, I don’t know any Anna, either. (2008全国卷Ⅱ6)
A. I think so B. I’m afraid not C. I hope so D. I’d rather not
(答案B)
【考点6】介词的省略
(1)在下面结构中,常省略介词:spend/waste…(in) doing; lose no time (in) doing; have difficulty/trouble (in) doing; be busy (in) doing; stop/prevent sb. (from) doing.
(2)在表达行为方式的in this way, in the same way, in another way等词组中,经常省略。
【考点7】动词不定式省略:只保留不定式符号to的场合
(1)不定式是某些动词的宾语时,常见动词有like, love, care, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean, try, oblige, agree, want, afford, forget, remember, manage。
(2)不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时,常见动词有ask, tell, advise, force,persuade, wish, allow, permit等。
(3)不定式作某些形容词的状语时,常见形容词有happy, good, eager, anxious, willing, ready等。
(4)不定式作某些复合谓语时,常见结构有be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。
注意:当省略的不定式内容是助动词have或be的任何形式时,to后要保留着原形have或be。
【考例链接7】
——Would you like to join me for a quick lunch before class?
——____, but I promised Nancy to go out with her. (2008全国卷Ⅰ21)
A. I’d like to B. I like it C. I don’t D. I will
(答案A)
【考例链接 8】
In my opinion, life in the twenty-first century is much easier than ____.
(2007安徽卷25)
A. that used to be B. it is used to
C. it was used to D. it used to be
(答案D)
【考点8】动词不定式符号to的省略
(1) 主语部分有实意动词do的任何形式,is/was之后是不定式作的表语解释的do的内容,通常省略to。
※The only thing you have to do is (to) press the button.
(2)作介词but, except, besides的宾语,介词前有实意动词do时,常省略不定式符号to。
※Tom has nothing to do but answer letters this morning.
(3)当两个或多个不定式并列时,后面不定式符号to可以省略,但有对比关系时不能省。
※It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
(4)不定式在see, watch, notice, hear, listen to, look at, feel, have, make, let, leave, observe等词后作宾语补足语时, 省略不定式符号to;why (not) do结构中不定式不带to。
※Did you notice her enter the room?
※Why not join us?
注意:不定式在被动结构中作主语补足语时,要使用带to的不定式。
【考点9】会话中的省略
省略在会话中广泛应用,常常省略谓语或谓语的一部分。解题时应按照问话或答语的具体内容补充完整。
※——What do you think made Mary so upset?
——Losing her bicycle.
【考例链接9】
——Will you join us in the game?
——Thank you, ____ (2007江西卷21)
A. but why not? B. but I’d rather not.
C. and I won’t. D. and I’ll join.
(答案B)
【考点1】状语从句中的省略
(1) 在when, while, whenever, till, as soon as, if, unless, as if, as, whether等引导的状语从句中,如果主从句的主语相同或从句的主语为it/they,且从句的结构为主语+系动词be时,可省略从句的主语和be,成为“连词+非谓语动词/adj.”形式作状语。
※Errors, if (there are) any, should be corrected.如果有错误,就应该改正。
(2)在as, than, however, whatever, no matter what等引导的从句中常省略某些成分。
※She speaks English better than anyone else in the class. 她英语讲得比班上其他人好。
【考例链接1】
——Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday?
——Yes. ____, I’m going to visit some homes for the old in the city.
(2008安徽卷32)
A. If ever B. If busy C. If anything D. If possible
(答案D)
【考例链接2】
——Who should be responsible for the accident?
——The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order ____.
(2008福建卷30)
A. as told B. as are told C. as telling D. as they told
(答案A)
【考例链接3】
We all know that, ____, the situation will get worse. (2007全国卷28)
A. not if dealt carefully with B. if not carefully dealt with
C. if dealt not carefully with D. not if carefully dealt with
(答案B)
(3)虚拟语气条件句中常省略if,将were, should, had提到主语前构成倒装语序。
【考点2】并列句中的省略
在and连接的句子中,为避免重复常省略共同的主语,成为一个主语后接两个或更多的并列谓语动词,这时动词形式往往一致,即:A and B;A,B and C;A,B,C and D。
※She set out soon after dark and arrived home an hour later.
她天黑不久就出发了,一个小时后到家。
【考点3】定语从句中的省略
(1)在限制性定语从句中,作宾语用的that, which, whom可省略;在the same…as和such…as引出的某些定语从句中可省略与主句相同的部分。如:
I don’t like such a book as this (is). 我不喜欢这样的一本书。
(2) 定语从句中,“关系代词作的主语+系动词be”可以省略,成为现在分词短语(表主动)或过去分词短语(表被动)所作的后置定语。
※The goods (which were) ordered last month haven’t arrived yet.
上个月订购的货物还未到。
【考例链接4】
You can only be sure of ____ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something ____ you might get in the future.(2007安徽卷33)
A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that
(答案B)
【考例链接5】
——Can those ____ at the back of the classroom hear me?
——No problem. (2008福建卷33)
A. seat B. sit C. seated D. sat
(答案C)
【考点4】名词性从句中的省略
(1)在know, think, consider, suppose, find, believe, say, decide等动词后面接的宾语从句中,连词that可省略,若带有多个宾语从句,只能省第一个that,其余的不能省。
(2)在与suggest, request, order, advise等词相关的名词性从句中须用虚拟语气形式“主语+should+动词原形”,should可以省略。
【考点5】主句的省略
(1)主句省略多见于句首。在答语中,主句或一些成分全部省略。如:(It’s) a pity…;(It’s) no wonder…。
(2)省略一个从句或从句的一部分,可用so或not代替, 常用于这种结构的动词有believe, think, expect, guess, hope, imagine, suppose, say, tell等以及appear, seem, afraid之后。
【考例链接6】
——Do you know Anna’s telephone number?
——____. As a matter of fact, I don’t know any Anna, either. (2008全国卷Ⅱ6)
A. I think so B. I’m afraid not C. I hope so D. I’d rather not
(答案B)
【考点6】介词的省略
(1)在下面结构中,常省略介词:spend/waste…(in) doing; lose no time (in) doing; have difficulty/trouble (in) doing; be busy (in) doing; stop/prevent sb. (from) doing.
(2)在表达行为方式的in this way, in the same way, in another way等词组中,经常省略。
【考点7】动词不定式省略:只保留不定式符号to的场合
(1)不定式是某些动词的宾语时,常见动词有like, love, care, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean, try, oblige, agree, want, afford, forget, remember, manage。
(2)不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时,常见动词有ask, tell, advise, force,persuade, wish, allow, permit等。
(3)不定式作某些形容词的状语时,常见形容词有happy, good, eager, anxious, willing, ready等。
(4)不定式作某些复合谓语时,常见结构有be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。
注意:当省略的不定式内容是助动词have或be的任何形式时,to后要保留着原形have或be。
【考例链接7】
——Would you like to join me for a quick lunch before class?
——____, but I promised Nancy to go out with her. (2008全国卷Ⅰ21)
A. I’d like to B. I like it C. I don’t D. I will
(答案A)
【考例链接 8】
In my opinion, life in the twenty-first century is much easier than ____.
(2007安徽卷25)
A. that used to be B. it is used to
C. it was used to D. it used to be
(答案D)
【考点8】动词不定式符号to的省略
(1) 主语部分有实意动词do的任何形式,is/was之后是不定式作的表语解释的do的内容,通常省略to。
※The only thing you have to do is (to) press the button.
(2)作介词but, except, besides的宾语,介词前有实意动词do时,常省略不定式符号to。
※Tom has nothing to do but answer letters this morning.
(3)当两个或多个不定式并列时,后面不定式符号to可以省略,但有对比关系时不能省。
※It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
(4)不定式在see, watch, notice, hear, listen to, look at, feel, have, make, let, leave, observe等词后作宾语补足语时, 省略不定式符号to;why (not) do结构中不定式不带to。
※Did you notice her enter the room?
※Why not join us?
注意:不定式在被动结构中作主语补足语时,要使用带to的不定式。
【考点9】会话中的省略
省略在会话中广泛应用,常常省略谓语或谓语的一部分。解题时应按照问话或答语的具体内容补充完整。
※——What do you think made Mary so upset?
——Losing her bicycle.
【考例链接9】
——Will you join us in the game?
——Thank you, ____ (2007江西卷21)
A. but why not? B. but I’d rather not.
C. and I won’t. D. and I’ll join.
(答案B)