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应然的基础主要包括真实性、合意性和正义性三个方面。近代以前,人们对于应然的论证,主要强调其真实性基础,即说明其所依据的世界图景的真实性和真理性;近代以来,尤其是人本主义兴起之后,对应然的论证除了真实性基础之外,还要阐明其合意性基础,即说明其符合人的需要,是可欲的、合意的;在当代,人们认识到个体的合意性之间往往存在冲突,开始更多地阐述其正义性基础以调解个体合意性之间可能存在的冲突。如果一个伦理体系不坚持真实性,那么,道德伦理的底线就容易垮塌;如果不重视个体的合意性,那么个人的权利就容易遭到侵犯;如果不重视公平正义,就会损害既有秩序的合法性和稳定性。
Should be based on the authenticity, desirability and justice of the three aspects. In modern times, people should mainly emphasize the authenticity basis of their authenticity, that is, the authenticity and truth of the world picture on which they are based. Since modern times, especially after the rise of humanism, In addition to the foundation, it is also necessary to clarify the basis of its desirability, that is, it is desirable and desirable to show that it conforms to the needs of human beings. In the contemporary era, people realize that conflicts often exist between individual desirability and begin to elaborate more on The basis of justice to reconcile the desirability of individual conflicts that may exist. If an ethical system does not insist on authenticity, then the bottom line of morality and ethics will easily collapse; if one does not attach importance to the individual’s desirability, then the individual’s right will be easily violated; if one does not attach importance to fairness and justice, it will undermine the existing order Legitimacy and stability.