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【摘要】本文针对学生写作中常常出现的词汇贫乏、句式单调、篇章结构不合理等问题,尝试运用衍射策略,探讨如何在高中英语课堂教学中挖掘和利用教材中的词汇、语法、句型和篇章结构等材料来加强教学和提高高中学生英语写作能力的问题。
【关键词】衍射策略;英语写作;教材一、引言
在高中外语教学中,高中英语写作是测试英语综合运用能力的最好方法之一,但是,高中学生的作文中出现的问题比比皆是: 有些单词拼写错误百出; 有些词汇贫乏、语言单一; 有些语法结构混乱,有些篇章结构不合理。教师在高一就开始让学生练写高考写作题,没有充分挖掘和利用各册教材中的阅读材料(梁德泉,2009)。再次,大部分教师采用的是结果写作法而不是过程写作法。无法帮助学生在写作中获取写作资源,培养写作策略(费胜昌,2010)。
根据认知语义学中联想观和激活观的理论,语言可激活相关认知域。我们进行语言活动时,会无意识地产生大量的认知活动,激活许多模型和框架,建立起许多关联的信息。此外,激活过程就像池塘中的涟漪一样,逐步向外扩展(王寅,2007)。这种现象与水波的衍射现象有些相似,若将这种由点及面的发散式的现象运用于课堂教学,称其为“衍射策略”,即围绕某个知识点,借助一定的情境线索,促使学生展开相关的联想和想象,帮助其激活大脑中储存的相关语料,必定能促进学生写作能力的提高(吴庆麟,2000)。衍射策略提倡充分利用教材资源,以语言交际能力的培养为出发点,对其内容进行创造性地深层开发和优化整合,通过由点及面、线面融合的衍射策略,将课文教学与写作训练融为一体,借助各种问题设计和交际活动对学生进行多方面的思维训练和语言训练,从而帮助学生在夯实词汇基础和语法基础的同时,激活灵感、开拓思路,丰富表达形式,提高表达技能,从而促进学生写作能力的提高(范煜华,2009)。
笔者在进行人教版新高中英语的课堂教学中,针对学生写作中常常出现的词汇贫乏、句式单调、篇章结构不合理等问题,在词汇、句式和篇章内容结构方面进行衍射策略的尝试。
二、利用教材,在教学中运用衍射策略的具体尝试
(一)以问题为中心,衍射出相关词汇,针对写作中出现的单词拼写错误百出和词汇贫乏的现象,面对新教材词汇量大的特点,笔者充分利用教材词汇资源,在课堂的教学中,根据课文的话题,设计出开放型问题,在问题衍射过程中,将相关的常用词汇串联其中。以人教版新教材Book 6 Unit 5 The Power of Nature 为例,先让学生思考一个问题:“What disasters can you think of?”学生会联想到很多相关词汇:typhoon; earthquake; mudflow; drought; flood; hurricane;sandstorm; tsunami; tornado; volcano; snowslide…然后,笔者又问:“Can you use some adjective words to describe the eruption of volcanoes?” 在学生讨论的同时,引导他们感知文中大量的语言信息材料,在脑海中构建火山爆发的情景。下面是学生罗列的相关词汇: fantastic; mysterious; magnificent; spectacular;splendid; unbelievable; inconceivable ,harmful…,再由harmful衍射出be harmful to ,harm, do harm to,还可以衍射出相关的搭配,例如:have bad/harmful/negative effects on, do no good to,再由此衍射出意义相反的搭配,例如be beneficial to, be of great benefit to, do good to, be good for, have good/positive effects on等,由be of great benefit,还可以衍射出类似的结构,如be of great importance, be of great use/value, be of high quality, be of the same age/size/color等。再由effect为衍射点,衍射出 affect,influence两个词,还可以联想到afford, effort, offer这些在读音和拼写上很相似的形近、音近词。然后,让学生思考:“How volcanoes might affect climate? Why?”学生呈现各自的想法,归纳如下:It could cause cooling in the world because the ash of volcanoes blocks the sun out.
It could cause warming in the world because of the heat of the volcanoes.
It could make the global warming more serious, causing more disasters.
…这样做使学生进行发散式思维训练,使他们在最大范围内搜索相关联事物的词汇,在一定程度上扩大了词汇量,积累了写作素材。最后,笔者要求学生以小组为单位运用刚才积累的词汇来写一篇广东英语高考卷中的基础写作题。
写作内容:“2010年4月冰岛火山喷发后,一些科学家要求做更深入的研究以确定全球变暖是否会引发地质灾害发生频率的增加--火山,地震,泥石流,海啸等。但该观点纯属推测。在冰岛,火山科学家们正在探究另外一个问题--火山爆发会如何影响气候。冰岛火山学家波恩o奥德森认为这可能会引发全球变冷。因为火山灰把阳光挡住了。环境污染会造成全球变暖,这个问题已经影响到我们的日常生活。谁也避免不了它的有害影响。我们与其去抱怨糟糕的生活环境,不如给予帮助,尽自己最大的努力去改善环境,我们不能失去地球,它是我们生存的家园。”
下面是一个小组的习作:
After the Iceland volcano in April 2010, some scientists called for more research into whether global warming could trigger an increase in geological hazards - volcanoes, earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis,which is extremely speculative. In Iceland,volcanologists are asking another question - how volcanoes might influence climate. Volcanologist Bjorn Oddsson in Iceland said it could cause cooling in the world because it just blocks the sun out. Global warming caused by environmental pollution has affected our everyday life greatly, of which none of us can avoid the harmful effect. Instead of complaining about our terrible living environment, we should offer our help and it's our duty to make great efforts to improve the situation because we can't afford to lose the earth, which is our common home for survival.
笔者把这段文字作为范文通过投影向全班展示,既帮助学生复习了刚学的词汇(下划横线的词汇和句子),又帮助他们提高写作能力。
(二)以语法功能为中心,衍射出多种表达形式,句式的多样化是好文章必不可少的。但是,笔者发现很多学生在写作中没有将学过的相关语法融入写作,出现句式单调的问题。为了改变这个问题,笔者在课堂教学中尝试围绕某个语法点的功能,衍射出一系列相关的表达形式。例如:人教版新教材Book 1 Unit5 Nelson Mandela-a modern hero中出现了从句这一语法复习项目,以其中的定语从句为例,其功能是对某一对象(多为名词或代词)进行修饰、限定或补充。为了引导学生在写作中利用定语从句的语法功能进行更为生动的表达,笔者给出这样一个句子:Yesterday I saw a boy…, 要求学生以小组为单位发挥想象力,利用定语从句展开对这位男孩的描述(如容貌、衣着、行为等)。以下是一个小组讨论后,产生的一部分句子:
1) Yesterday I saw a boy who was wearing a pair of glasses.
2) Yesterday I saw a boy whose hair was red.
3) Yesterday I saw a boy to whom I talked in the English Corner last week.
4) Yesterday I saw a handsome boy that robbed an old woman of her money.
…
在描述中,学生频繁地使用who, whom, whose, that这几个关系代词。笔者进一步鼓励学生只继续将其它的关系代词和关系副词运用到描述中,如which, where, when等。小组讨论后,学生写出以下句子:
1) Yesterday I saw a boy rob an old woman of a gold necklace, which must be worth a large amount of money.
2) Yesterday I saw a boy repairing a bike on the road where I often drove to school.
3) Yesterday I saw a boy use a computer made in 1990, when a computer cost a lot.
…
在此基础上,笔者引导学生以定语从句的语法功能为衍射点,拓展到对名词进行修饰的其它表达形式,如非谓语、介词短语等,并且要求学生以小组为单位在上述句子中选择一种情景来继续对描述进行加工,并且在小组间就其描述的形象性和修饰形式的丰富性展开竞赛,以下是其中一个小组的作品:
Yesterday I saw a young boy with a pair of glasses waiting for the bus at the bus-stop. Dressed in a white suit, he looked handsome and elegant. A moment later, there came a bus. I was about to get on the bus when a fashionable woman in red drew my attention. That old lady, wearing a pretty gold necklace, which must be worth a large amount of money, was hurrying to the bus. Suddenly came a scream from the woman, who looked rather scared. Oh, her gold necklace had been robbed by the boy in broad daylight! That was a terrible scene I would never forget in my life.
这段描述运用了十几个修饰限定语(下划横线的部分),包括形容词、介词短语、现在分词短语、过去分词短语、定语从句,把相关的语法知识灵活地运用到写作中。笔者把它作为范文通过投影向全班展示,既帮助学生复习了语法,又帮助他们丰富了语言表达形式。
(三)以意义为中心,衍射出多种表达
针对学生在写作中句式单一,表达不丰富的现象,笔者在教学中引导学生进行一意多译的表达。例如:在教新人教版选修9 Unit 3Australia时,笔者在教表示面积的句型have/cover/with an area of…时,让学生就“这个学校的面积比50个足球场还大。”进行一句多译。
The school has/covers an area of more than50 football pitches.
The school is very big, covering/having an area of more than50 football pitches.
The school is very big, with an area of more than50 football pitches.
然后,在和学生的互动讨论中又衍射出:
The school is almost as big as 20 football pitches.
The school is bigger than 20 football pitches.
The school is almost the same as 20 football pitches in size.
The school is similar to 20 football pitches in size.
接着,以…in size为衍射点,又导出了…in length/ width/ height/weight等类似结构。
2、最后,笔者结合课文中对澳大利亚的地理方位、人口、占地面积等的介绍内容,衍射到了对我们的学校化州市第一中学的介绍。
以下是一位学生的习作:
East of Huazhou lies our school, (which is )a key school of Guangdong Province, with an area of more than 500 mu. It is beautiful, surrounded with many trees. Now nearly 10 thousand students study here and over 500 teachers who always devote their lives and energy to their job work in our school. Every year many of the students are admitted to key universities. Being a student here, I have determined to study hard, making sure that our school would take pride in me tomorrow.
在学完本单元后,笔者要求两位同学为一小组作为网友,分别以澳大利亚和中国人的身份给对方写一封电子邮件,先是澳大利亚人向中国网友介绍澳大利亚的概况,接着,中国网友在澳大利亚之行结束回国后,向对方讲述自己在异国的经历,同时对化州市第一中学作一个简短的介绍,邀请对方到化州市第一中学来做客。在写作过程中,学生需要注意时态的变化,如在进行概况介绍时用一般现在时,讲述经历时用一般过去时、现在完成时……在邀请对方到化州市第一中学来做客时用上现在进行时、一般将来时……通过这种途径,将时态的复习通过时空的迁移进行了衍射,帮助学生在具体的语境中更加深刻地理解各种时态的意义,掌握其用法。
(四)以文体为中心,衍射出相应篇章结构
人教版的新课程高中英语教材注重对各种文体的介绍和训练,每个单元都有明确的训练文体。而且部分单元提供了相同文体的阅读篇章。教师在指导学生阅读时,可以引导他们从整体上感知文章的主题和结构,提示学生如何以文体为中心,衍射出相应篇章结构。例如:人教版新教材Unit 4 Earthquakes中的Reading and writing板块,编者对新闻故事写作做了明确的要求:A newspaper outline usually includes: a headline, a list of main ideas and a list of important details。并且提供了一篇阅读短文,该短文的基本结构如下:
Headline: Cyclists Ready to Go on the Road for Disaster-Hit Areas
Paragraph 1:Main idea: Cyclists plan to get money for disaster-hit areas;
Detail 1: … Detail 2: … Detail 3: …
Paragraph 2: Main idea: More information about the cyclists and their project;
Detail 1: … Detail 2: … Detail 3: …
笔者根据四川汶川大地震后,胡锦涛主席亲赴湖州德清的几家帐篷厂,鼓励师傅们加班加点生产更多的帐篷运往灾区,以便灾区人民能早日安顿下来重建家园这新闻事件,让学生们按照以上结构写一则新闻。在写作前,笔者以话题为中心,衍射出部分关键的词和短语(earthquake, take place, Sichuan, fall down, destroy, homeless, have got to, outdoors, need tents, visit, encourage, work hard, day and night, complete, joy, pack up, try one's best, transport, ready, start one's new life…)后,要求学生以四人小组进行讨论。然后,每个小组选出一位代表来报道整个新闻事件,接着,要求每位学生写下整个新闻事件,最后,笔者通过投影向全班展示优秀作文。其中的一篇如下:
President Hu Jintao Asked Tent Factories to Speed up Production
On May 12, 2008, an earthquake took place in Sichuan, in which about 5 million houses were destroyed. A great number of people were homeless and they had to sleep outdoors. So quake survivors in Sichuan needed tents to live in. In order to solve the problem, President Hu Jintao visited two tent factories and encouraged the workers to produce as many tents as possible. They worked day and night to complete the task. When finished, the tents were packed up and transported to Sichuan. Now, people in Sichuan have started their new life.
(五)以内容为中心,衍射出相关文体
在学完一篇课文后,我们可以根据这篇课文的内容,变换文体,让学生进行写作。例如:在学完新人教版选修9 Unit 5 Inside advertising这一单元的课文后,笔者就这篇课文中的一些内容要点,让学生根据如何保证商业广告的诚信、商业广告的目的、宣传媒介、宣传手段等方面衍射出相关信息,写一篇广东英语高考卷中的读写任务题。写作要求:1. 请以约30个词概括课文的内容要点。2. 商家诚信的广告宣传,能给他们自己以及消费者带来什么好处?3. 应该采取什么措施监督商家,保证他们的广告信息是诚信可靠的?原来的课文是一篇说明文,现在要求写的读写任务题是议论文,通过两种文体结构的比较,使学生熟悉不同体裁文章的特点。
以下是笔者在教学中运用衍射策略的步骤:
Step 1: 带领学生学习Unit 5 Inside advertising这一单元的课文,以约30个词概括课文的内容要点。
Step 2: 按照以下的方式引导学生由广告这一现象入手,剖析问题,提出观点,阐明原因……使其对议论文的大致结构有所了解。
medians (TV., newspaper, magazine, the Internet…) everywhereTo make the economic development
Advertisements Purpose (encourage people to consume) To make consumers puzzled at choosing faced with so many choices To make the goods well-known
Ways (words, pictures…) To cause the unfair competition easily To waste the money
To mislead the consumers
To harm consumers' health and life To make laws and certain rules
How to keep advertisers honest To establish the government organization To remind the consumers to check the products themselves
Step 3: 引导学生由 “表示好处”为中心,衍射出相关的词汇和句型。
词汇: advantage, advantageous, good, benefit, beneficial,useful, convenience , convenient , help…
句型:(1)It has the following advantages. (2)It does us a lot of good.
(3) It's good for you to…(4) Her advice was a great help.(5)It will bring benefit to you.
(6) It is to your advantage. (7) It is advantageous to your future …. (8)It benefits us quite a lot.
(9)It is beneficial to us. (10)It is of great benefit to us. (11) We can benefit greatly from it.
(12) It helps a lot.//It will help.// It is of great help to us. (13) It has brought us great convenience
Step 4: 引导学生使用表示“提出建议或措施”的典型写作模板。
例如:使用 “We should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. To begin with…, Moreover…, Finally…”。
三、结语
衍射策略是一种通过联想推进的方式;是将教材中语言知识的学习和语言表达能力的培养融为一体的尝试;能够在课堂教学中借助情境创设和合作交流营造一种互为“支架”的写作氛围;能够激活学生的思维,使其在认知和语言间建立起若干有意义的关联,从而提高学生的写作水平。
参考文献
[1] 费胜昌.2010.如何利用教材中的阅读材料提高英语写作能力[J].基础英语教育, 12(1): 60-65.
[2] 范煜华.2009.关于衍射策略对高中英语写作影响的初步研究[D]. 华东师范大学
[3] 梁德泉. 2009. 利用课文语言材料提高学生写作能力[J]. 中小学外语教学(中学篇), (4): 11-14
[4]王寅.2007.认知语言学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社
[5]吴庆麟.2000.认知教学心理学[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社
【关键词】衍射策略;英语写作;教材一、引言
在高中外语教学中,高中英语写作是测试英语综合运用能力的最好方法之一,但是,高中学生的作文中出现的问题比比皆是: 有些单词拼写错误百出; 有些词汇贫乏、语言单一; 有些语法结构混乱,有些篇章结构不合理。教师在高一就开始让学生练写高考写作题,没有充分挖掘和利用各册教材中的阅读材料(梁德泉,2009)。再次,大部分教师采用的是结果写作法而不是过程写作法。无法帮助学生在写作中获取写作资源,培养写作策略(费胜昌,2010)。
根据认知语义学中联想观和激活观的理论,语言可激活相关认知域。我们进行语言活动时,会无意识地产生大量的认知活动,激活许多模型和框架,建立起许多关联的信息。此外,激活过程就像池塘中的涟漪一样,逐步向外扩展(王寅,2007)。这种现象与水波的衍射现象有些相似,若将这种由点及面的发散式的现象运用于课堂教学,称其为“衍射策略”,即围绕某个知识点,借助一定的情境线索,促使学生展开相关的联想和想象,帮助其激活大脑中储存的相关语料,必定能促进学生写作能力的提高(吴庆麟,2000)。衍射策略提倡充分利用教材资源,以语言交际能力的培养为出发点,对其内容进行创造性地深层开发和优化整合,通过由点及面、线面融合的衍射策略,将课文教学与写作训练融为一体,借助各种问题设计和交际活动对学生进行多方面的思维训练和语言训练,从而帮助学生在夯实词汇基础和语法基础的同时,激活灵感、开拓思路,丰富表达形式,提高表达技能,从而促进学生写作能力的提高(范煜华,2009)。
笔者在进行人教版新高中英语的课堂教学中,针对学生写作中常常出现的词汇贫乏、句式单调、篇章结构不合理等问题,在词汇、句式和篇章内容结构方面进行衍射策略的尝试。
二、利用教材,在教学中运用衍射策略的具体尝试
(一)以问题为中心,衍射出相关词汇,针对写作中出现的单词拼写错误百出和词汇贫乏的现象,面对新教材词汇量大的特点,笔者充分利用教材词汇资源,在课堂的教学中,根据课文的话题,设计出开放型问题,在问题衍射过程中,将相关的常用词汇串联其中。以人教版新教材Book 6 Unit 5 The Power of Nature 为例,先让学生思考一个问题:“What disasters can you think of?”学生会联想到很多相关词汇:typhoon; earthquake; mudflow; drought; flood; hurricane;sandstorm; tsunami; tornado; volcano; snowslide…然后,笔者又问:“Can you use some adjective words to describe the eruption of volcanoes?” 在学生讨论的同时,引导他们感知文中大量的语言信息材料,在脑海中构建火山爆发的情景。下面是学生罗列的相关词汇: fantastic; mysterious; magnificent; spectacular;splendid; unbelievable; inconceivable ,harmful…,再由harmful衍射出be harmful to ,harm, do harm to,还可以衍射出相关的搭配,例如:have bad/harmful/negative effects on, do no good to,再由此衍射出意义相反的搭配,例如be beneficial to, be of great benefit to, do good to, be good for, have good/positive effects on等,由be of great benefit,还可以衍射出类似的结构,如be of great importance, be of great use/value, be of high quality, be of the same age/size/color等。再由effect为衍射点,衍射出 affect,influence两个词,还可以联想到afford, effort, offer这些在读音和拼写上很相似的形近、音近词。然后,让学生思考:“How volcanoes might affect climate? Why?”学生呈现各自的想法,归纳如下:It could cause cooling in the world because the ash of volcanoes blocks the sun out.
It could cause warming in the world because of the heat of the volcanoes.
It could make the global warming more serious, causing more disasters.
…这样做使学生进行发散式思维训练,使他们在最大范围内搜索相关联事物的词汇,在一定程度上扩大了词汇量,积累了写作素材。最后,笔者要求学生以小组为单位运用刚才积累的词汇来写一篇广东英语高考卷中的基础写作题。
写作内容:“2010年4月冰岛火山喷发后,一些科学家要求做更深入的研究以确定全球变暖是否会引发地质灾害发生频率的增加--火山,地震,泥石流,海啸等。但该观点纯属推测。在冰岛,火山科学家们正在探究另外一个问题--火山爆发会如何影响气候。冰岛火山学家波恩o奥德森认为这可能会引发全球变冷。因为火山灰把阳光挡住了。环境污染会造成全球变暖,这个问题已经影响到我们的日常生活。谁也避免不了它的有害影响。我们与其去抱怨糟糕的生活环境,不如给予帮助,尽自己最大的努力去改善环境,我们不能失去地球,它是我们生存的家园。”
下面是一个小组的习作:
After the Iceland volcano in April 2010, some scientists called for more research into whether global warming could trigger an increase in geological hazards - volcanoes, earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis,which is extremely speculative. In Iceland,volcanologists are asking another question - how volcanoes might influence climate. Volcanologist Bjorn Oddsson in Iceland said it could cause cooling in the world because it just blocks the sun out. Global warming caused by environmental pollution has affected our everyday life greatly, of which none of us can avoid the harmful effect. Instead of complaining about our terrible living environment, we should offer our help and it's our duty to make great efforts to improve the situation because we can't afford to lose the earth, which is our common home for survival.
笔者把这段文字作为范文通过投影向全班展示,既帮助学生复习了刚学的词汇(下划横线的词汇和句子),又帮助他们提高写作能力。
(二)以语法功能为中心,衍射出多种表达形式,句式的多样化是好文章必不可少的。但是,笔者发现很多学生在写作中没有将学过的相关语法融入写作,出现句式单调的问题。为了改变这个问题,笔者在课堂教学中尝试围绕某个语法点的功能,衍射出一系列相关的表达形式。例如:人教版新教材Book 1 Unit5 Nelson Mandela-a modern hero中出现了从句这一语法复习项目,以其中的定语从句为例,其功能是对某一对象(多为名词或代词)进行修饰、限定或补充。为了引导学生在写作中利用定语从句的语法功能进行更为生动的表达,笔者给出这样一个句子:Yesterday I saw a boy…, 要求学生以小组为单位发挥想象力,利用定语从句展开对这位男孩的描述(如容貌、衣着、行为等)。以下是一个小组讨论后,产生的一部分句子:
1) Yesterday I saw a boy who was wearing a pair of glasses.
2) Yesterday I saw a boy whose hair was red.
3) Yesterday I saw a boy to whom I talked in the English Corner last week.
4) Yesterday I saw a handsome boy that robbed an old woman of her money.
…
在描述中,学生频繁地使用who, whom, whose, that这几个关系代词。笔者进一步鼓励学生只继续将其它的关系代词和关系副词运用到描述中,如which, where, when等。小组讨论后,学生写出以下句子:
1) Yesterday I saw a boy rob an old woman of a gold necklace, which must be worth a large amount of money.
2) Yesterday I saw a boy repairing a bike on the road where I often drove to school.
3) Yesterday I saw a boy use a computer made in 1990, when a computer cost a lot.
…
在此基础上,笔者引导学生以定语从句的语法功能为衍射点,拓展到对名词进行修饰的其它表达形式,如非谓语、介词短语等,并且要求学生以小组为单位在上述句子中选择一种情景来继续对描述进行加工,并且在小组间就其描述的形象性和修饰形式的丰富性展开竞赛,以下是其中一个小组的作品:
Yesterday I saw a young boy with a pair of glasses waiting for the bus at the bus-stop. Dressed in a white suit, he looked handsome and elegant. A moment later, there came a bus. I was about to get on the bus when a fashionable woman in red drew my attention. That old lady, wearing a pretty gold necklace, which must be worth a large amount of money, was hurrying to the bus. Suddenly came a scream from the woman, who looked rather scared. Oh, her gold necklace had been robbed by the boy in broad daylight! That was a terrible scene I would never forget in my life.
这段描述运用了十几个修饰限定语(下划横线的部分),包括形容词、介词短语、现在分词短语、过去分词短语、定语从句,把相关的语法知识灵活地运用到写作中。笔者把它作为范文通过投影向全班展示,既帮助学生复习了语法,又帮助他们丰富了语言表达形式。
(三)以意义为中心,衍射出多种表达
针对学生在写作中句式单一,表达不丰富的现象,笔者在教学中引导学生进行一意多译的表达。例如:在教新人教版选修9 Unit 3Australia时,笔者在教表示面积的句型have/cover/with an area of…时,让学生就“这个学校的面积比50个足球场还大。”进行一句多译。
The school has/covers an area of more than50 football pitches.
The school is very big, covering/having an area of more than50 football pitches.
The school is very big, with an area of more than50 football pitches.
然后,在和学生的互动讨论中又衍射出:
The school is almost as big as 20 football pitches.
The school is bigger than 20 football pitches.
The school is almost the same as 20 football pitches in size.
The school is similar to 20 football pitches in size.
接着,以…in size为衍射点,又导出了…in length/ width/ height/weight等类似结构。
2、最后,笔者结合课文中对澳大利亚的地理方位、人口、占地面积等的介绍内容,衍射到了对我们的学校化州市第一中学的介绍。
以下是一位学生的习作:
East of Huazhou lies our school, (which is )a key school of Guangdong Province, with an area of more than 500 mu. It is beautiful, surrounded with many trees. Now nearly 10 thousand students study here and over 500 teachers who always devote their lives and energy to their job work in our school. Every year many of the students are admitted to key universities. Being a student here, I have determined to study hard, making sure that our school would take pride in me tomorrow.
在学完本单元后,笔者要求两位同学为一小组作为网友,分别以澳大利亚和中国人的身份给对方写一封电子邮件,先是澳大利亚人向中国网友介绍澳大利亚的概况,接着,中国网友在澳大利亚之行结束回国后,向对方讲述自己在异国的经历,同时对化州市第一中学作一个简短的介绍,邀请对方到化州市第一中学来做客。在写作过程中,学生需要注意时态的变化,如在进行概况介绍时用一般现在时,讲述经历时用一般过去时、现在完成时……在邀请对方到化州市第一中学来做客时用上现在进行时、一般将来时……通过这种途径,将时态的复习通过时空的迁移进行了衍射,帮助学生在具体的语境中更加深刻地理解各种时态的意义,掌握其用法。
(四)以文体为中心,衍射出相应篇章结构
人教版的新课程高中英语教材注重对各种文体的介绍和训练,每个单元都有明确的训练文体。而且部分单元提供了相同文体的阅读篇章。教师在指导学生阅读时,可以引导他们从整体上感知文章的主题和结构,提示学生如何以文体为中心,衍射出相应篇章结构。例如:人教版新教材Unit 4 Earthquakes中的Reading and writing板块,编者对新闻故事写作做了明确的要求:A newspaper outline usually includes: a headline, a list of main ideas and a list of important details。并且提供了一篇阅读短文,该短文的基本结构如下:
Headline: Cyclists Ready to Go on the Road for Disaster-Hit Areas
Paragraph 1:Main idea: Cyclists plan to get money for disaster-hit areas;
Detail 1: … Detail 2: … Detail 3: …
Paragraph 2: Main idea: More information about the cyclists and their project;
Detail 1: … Detail 2: … Detail 3: …
笔者根据四川汶川大地震后,胡锦涛主席亲赴湖州德清的几家帐篷厂,鼓励师傅们加班加点生产更多的帐篷运往灾区,以便灾区人民能早日安顿下来重建家园这新闻事件,让学生们按照以上结构写一则新闻。在写作前,笔者以话题为中心,衍射出部分关键的词和短语(earthquake, take place, Sichuan, fall down, destroy, homeless, have got to, outdoors, need tents, visit, encourage, work hard, day and night, complete, joy, pack up, try one's best, transport, ready, start one's new life…)后,要求学生以四人小组进行讨论。然后,每个小组选出一位代表来报道整个新闻事件,接着,要求每位学生写下整个新闻事件,最后,笔者通过投影向全班展示优秀作文。其中的一篇如下:
President Hu Jintao Asked Tent Factories to Speed up Production
On May 12, 2008, an earthquake took place in Sichuan, in which about 5 million houses were destroyed. A great number of people were homeless and they had to sleep outdoors. So quake survivors in Sichuan needed tents to live in. In order to solve the problem, President Hu Jintao visited two tent factories and encouraged the workers to produce as many tents as possible. They worked day and night to complete the task. When finished, the tents were packed up and transported to Sichuan. Now, people in Sichuan have started their new life.
(五)以内容为中心,衍射出相关文体
在学完一篇课文后,我们可以根据这篇课文的内容,变换文体,让学生进行写作。例如:在学完新人教版选修9 Unit 5 Inside advertising这一单元的课文后,笔者就这篇课文中的一些内容要点,让学生根据如何保证商业广告的诚信、商业广告的目的、宣传媒介、宣传手段等方面衍射出相关信息,写一篇广东英语高考卷中的读写任务题。写作要求:1. 请以约30个词概括课文的内容要点。2. 商家诚信的广告宣传,能给他们自己以及消费者带来什么好处?3. 应该采取什么措施监督商家,保证他们的广告信息是诚信可靠的?原来的课文是一篇说明文,现在要求写的读写任务题是议论文,通过两种文体结构的比较,使学生熟悉不同体裁文章的特点。
以下是笔者在教学中运用衍射策略的步骤:
Step 1: 带领学生学习Unit 5 Inside advertising这一单元的课文,以约30个词概括课文的内容要点。
Step 2: 按照以下的方式引导学生由广告这一现象入手,剖析问题,提出观点,阐明原因……使其对议论文的大致结构有所了解。
medians (TV., newspaper, magazine, the Internet…) everywhereTo make the economic development
Advertisements Purpose (encourage people to consume) To make consumers puzzled at choosing faced with so many choices To make the goods well-known
Ways (words, pictures…) To cause the unfair competition easily To waste the money
To mislead the consumers
To harm consumers' health and life To make laws and certain rules
How to keep advertisers honest To establish the government organization To remind the consumers to check the products themselves
Step 3: 引导学生由 “表示好处”为中心,衍射出相关的词汇和句型。
词汇: advantage, advantageous, good, benefit, beneficial,useful, convenience , convenient , help…
句型:(1)It has the following advantages. (2)It does us a lot of good.
(3) It's good for you to…(4) Her advice was a great help.(5)It will bring benefit to you.
(6) It is to your advantage. (7) It is advantageous to your future …. (8)It benefits us quite a lot.
(9)It is beneficial to us. (10)It is of great benefit to us. (11) We can benefit greatly from it.
(12) It helps a lot.//It will help.// It is of great help to us. (13) It has brought us great convenience
Step 4: 引导学生使用表示“提出建议或措施”的典型写作模板。
例如:使用 “We should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. To begin with…, Moreover…, Finally…”。
三、结语
衍射策略是一种通过联想推进的方式;是将教材中语言知识的学习和语言表达能力的培养融为一体的尝试;能够在课堂教学中借助情境创设和合作交流营造一种互为“支架”的写作氛围;能够激活学生的思维,使其在认知和语言间建立起若干有意义的关联,从而提高学生的写作水平。
参考文献
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