The dysbiosis of microbiome may have negative effects on a host phenotype.The microbes related to the host phenotype are regarded as microbial association signals.Recently,statistical methods based on microbiome-phenotype association tests have been extensively developed to detect these association signals.However,the currently available methods do not perform well to detect microbial association signals when dealing with diverse sparsity levels (i.e.,sparse,low sparse,non-sparse).Actually,the real association patterns related to different host phenotypes are not unique.Here,we propose a powerful and adaptive microbiome-based association test to detect microbial association signals with diverse sparsity levels,designated as MiATDS.In particular,we define probability degree to measure the associations between microbes and the host phenotype and introduce the adaptive weighted sum of powered score tests by considering both probability degree and phylogenetic information.We design numerous simulation experiments for the task of detecting association signals with diverse sparsity levels to prove the perfor-mance of the method.We find that type Ⅰ error rates can be well-controlled and MiATDS shows superior efficiency on the power.By applying to real data analysis,MiATDS displays reliable practicability too.The R package is available at https://github.com/XiaoyunHuang33/MiATDS.